Rectal disorder

This phase 2 trial tests whether the combination of pembrolizumab (an immunotherapy) and lenvatinib (a targeted therapy) can shrink tumors in people with advanced anal squamous cell cancer that cannot be removed by surgery or has spread to other organs. Participants must have alr…

This study compares two ways to treat uncomplicated perianal fistula: conventional open surgery (fistulectomy) and a newer laser ablation technique. About 72 adults with a single, simple fistula tract will be randomly assigned to one of the two procedures. Researchers will track …

This phase 2 trial tests whether adding a new form of interferon (rSIFN-co) to standard total neoadjuvant therapy (short-course radiation plus chemotherapy) can improve the chance of complete tumor disappearance in people with mid-low locally advanced rectal cancer. About 90 adul…

This study tests whether adding two immunotherapy drugs to radiation therapy can better shrink advanced rectal cancer than standard chemoradiation. About 342 adults with a specific type of rectal cancer will be randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. The goal is to se…

This phase II trial tests a new approach for high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. Participants first receive short-course radiotherapy, followed by a combination of chemotherapy (NALIRIFOX) and immunotherapy (Pucotenlimab) for about 6 months. The goal is to see if this regim…

This small study tests a new approach for people with stage II/III rectal cancer that has not spread. Instead of chemotherapy, patients receive targeted internal radiation followed by two doses of the immunotherapy drug nivolumab before surgery. The goal is to see if this combina…

This study looks at whether people with certain genetic types of gastrointestinal cancers (stomach, colorectal, or anal) can safely avoid major surgery after immunotherapy. Instead of removing the organ, doctors will monitor closely or do smaller procedures to remove any remainin…

This study tests whether injecting a special solution (KRC-01) into rectal tumors before radiation can make the radiation work better. The solution increases oxygen inside the tumor, which helps radiation kill cancer cells. About 24 adults with advanced rectal cancer that hasn't …

This phase 2 trial is testing whether adding an immunotherapy drug (adebrelimab) to a chemotherapy combo (NALIRIFOX) and radiation can improve outcomes for people with a certain type of locally advanced rectal cancer (pMMR/MSS). About 84 participants will be randomly assigned to …

This study tests an experimental drug called IDP-001 in people with advanced or metastatic solid tumors, including certain lung, head and neck, and other cancers. The trial has two phases: first to check safety and find the right dose, then to see if the drug can shrink tumors. A…

This study tests whether a special vacuum dressing (PICO 7®) placed on the surgical wound can reduce infections after rectal cancer surgery. About 100 adults who have had chemoradiotherapy followed by abdominoperineal resection will be enrolled. The device is designed to drain fl…

This phase 2 trial tests a short course of radiation followed by a mix of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy in 60 people with locally advanced rectal cancer. The goal is to see if this approach can make the tumor disappear completely before surgery, possibly allow…

This study tests a personalized radiation approach for locally advanced rectal cancer. By adjusting the radiation dose halfway through treatment based on a special MRI scan, doctors hope to increase the number of patients whose tumors completely disappear before surgery. The tria…

This phase 2 trial is testing whether adding an experimental drug called DCSZ11 to standard radiation and chemotherapy can improve outcomes for people with a high-risk type of rectal cancer. The study will enroll 30 adults who have not had prior treatment. The goal is to see if t…

This early-stage trial tests a topical ointment called ACU-D1 for HPV-related vulvar and perianal lesions in people with HIV. Nine participants will apply the cream twice daily for 4 weeks. The main goal is to find the safest dose and see if the treatment can boost immune markers…

This study looks at whether adding a short course of chemotherapy after standard chemoradiation can improve outcomes for people with stage I rectal cancer, allowing them to keep their rectum instead of needing major surgery. About 292 participants will be randomly assigned to rec…

This study tests a combination of two types of radiation therapy for elderly or frail patients with rectal cancer who cannot or will not have surgery. The goal is to shrink or control the tumor while maintaining quality of life. Researchers will follow 80 participants for up to t…

This study tests whether a probiotic called EXE-346 can help treat anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and reduce persistent high-risk HPV infection in people living with HIV. The trial will enroll 90 participants who will take the probiotic or a placebo daily…

This Phase 2 trial tests whether E-CEL UVEC Cells, a type of genetically engineered cell, can treat perianal fistula—a painful tunnel that forms near the anus. The treatment involves injecting the cells directly into the fistula tract in a minimally invasive procedure. Researcher…

This phase 3 trial tests whether short-course radiation followed by chemotherapy and an immunotherapy drug (serplulimab) works better than standard long-course chemoradiation for high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. 612 patients will be randomly assigned to one of the two tr…

This phase 2 trial tests a mix of immunotherapy, a cancer-killing virus, short-course radiation, and chemotherapy in 20 people with locally advanced low rectal cancer. The goal is to see if this combination can make the tumor disappear completely for at least a year, potentially …

This phase 2 trial tests whether a daily dexamethasone enema can prevent or reduce acute rectal injury in 40 rectal cancer patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy. One group starts the enema early (day 10 of radiation), while the other starts only after injury occurs. The goal is…

This phase 2 trial tests a new approach for high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. It combines a shorter course of radiation with chemotherapy (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) and an immunotherapy drug (serplulimab). The study will compare this combo to standard chemoradiation i…

This study tests a new treatment plan for adults with locally advanced rectal cancer that hasn't spread. Participants get a week of radiation, then 8 cycles of three drugs (chemotherapy and immunotherapy) before surgery. The goal is to shrink the tumor enough to cure the cancer o…

This study tests whether daily adaptive radiotherapy (ART) can safely deliver shorter, more intense radiation treatments for prostate, endometrial, cervical, and rectal cancers. About 264 participants will be randomly assigned to standard radiation or ART, which uses daily imagin…

This study tests a drug called sacituzumab tirumotecan in 20 people with advanced anal or rectal cancer that has spread or cannot be removed and has not responded to other treatments. The goal is to see if the drug can shrink tumors and how safe it is. Participants will receive t…

This study tests whether a short course of radiation followed by three drugs (disitamab vedotin, sintilimab, and capecitabine) can completely eliminate tumors in people with advanced HER2-positive rectal cancer. About 29 adults aged 18-75 will receive the treatment before surgery…

This study tests whether a targeted chemoradiotherapy can completely eliminate early-stage rectal cancer, allowing patients to avoid surgery and keep their rectum. 90 adults with small, localized tumors will either receive standard surgery or the new treatment followed by close m…

This Phase 3 trial tests whether a three-drug chemotherapy combination (FOLFOXIRI) works better than the standard two-drug combination (CAPOX/FOLFOX) for people with high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. Both groups also receive chemoradiation, and then either surgery or a wa…

This study compares two treatments for locally advanced rectal cancer: a shorter course of radiation plus chemotherapy (CAPOX) and immunotherapy (tislelizumab) versus a longer course of chemoradiation plus the same immunotherapy. The goal is to see which approach leads to a highe…

This study tests whether adding a drug called enlonstobart to short-course radiotherapy before surgery can improve outcomes for people with a specific type of advanced rectal cancer (pMMR). About 128 adults will be randomly assigned to receive either the standard treatment or the…

This pilot study tests whether a device that delivers controlled heat (radiofrequency ablation) can safely close perianal fistulas—abnormal tunnels between the anal canal and skin. Eighty adults with certain types of fistulas will receive a single RFA treatment. Researchers will …

This pilot study tests whether an Ayurvedic drug called Trishul can help shrink rectal tumors and improve survival. Forty adults with advanced rectal cancer will receive either Trishul or a placebo pill, in addition to their standard treatment (chemo-radiation and surgery). The s…

This study tests a device called ColoSeal ICD, placed during rectal cancer surgery to protect the bowel connection and reduce the need for a stoma (a bag on the belly for waste). About 250 adults aged 22-75 with rectal cancer will be split into two groups: one gets the device, th…

This phase II trial tests a new device called the Maastro applicator, which delivers high-dose radiation directly to rectal tumors. The goal is to see if it can safely eliminate the cancer and allow patients to avoid major surgery. Twenty adults with rectal cancer will receive th…

This phase II trial tests a new combination of short-course radiation, two immunotherapy drugs (Qibei'an and Camrelizumab), and chemotherapy (XELOX) in 19 people with locally advanced rectal cancer. The goal is to see if this approach can make the tumor disappear completely, allo…

This phase 2 trial is testing a new approach for people with stage II-III rectal cancer. It combines short-course radiotherapy that spares the tumor-draining lymph nodes with a PD-1 inhibitor (a type of immunotherapy). The goal is to see if this combination can lead to a complete…

This study tests whether adding an immunotherapy drug (serplulimab) to standard chemotherapy before surgery can improve outcomes for people with a common type of locally advanced rectal cancer (MSS/pMMR). About 128 participants will be randomly assigned to receive either chemo al…

This phase 2 trial tests whether adding radiotherapy and two immunotherapy drugs (iparomlimab and tuvonralimab) to standard chemotherapy and bevacizumab can improve outcomes for people with a specific type of metastatic rectal cancer (RAS-mutant/MSS). About 106 participants will …

This study tests whether adding the immunotherapy drug dostarlimab to standard chemotherapy (XELOX) after chemoradiation improves outcomes for people with locally advanced rectal cancer. About 270 participants will be randomly assigned to receive either the combination or chemoth…

This study compares two ways to remove small rectal neuroendocrine tumors (less than 1 cm). The new method, called modified double snare EMR, is expected to be just as effective as the standard ESD procedure but with shorter operation time, fewer complications, and lower cost. Ab…

This study tests whether a new drug called IP-001, injected into the liver after standard heat-based tumor destruction, can help prevent colorectal cancer from coming back. About 717 adults with colorectal cancer that has spread only to the liver will be randomly assigned to rece…

This study tests whether adding a weight-loss medication (a GLP-1 drug) to standard chemo-radiation before surgery helps rectal cancer patients with a high BMI. About 42 participants will either get the drug plus standard treatment or standard treatment alone. Researchers will me…

This phase 2 trial tests a new approach for people with high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. Participants will receive a short course of radiation with a boost to the tumor, combined with chemotherapy (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) and an immunotherapy drug (tislelizumab). T…

This phase 2 trial tests whether adding an immunotherapy drug (iparomlimab and tuvonralimab) to standard chemoradiotherapy before surgery can improve outcomes for people with locally advanced rectal cancer. About 108 participants will be randomly assigned to receive either the st…

This Phase 3 trial tests whether adding an immunotherapy drug (serplulimab) to a strong chemotherapy mix (FOLFOXIRI) and radiation works better than standard chemo (CAPOX) plus radiation for people with locally advanced low rectal cancer that is microsatellite stable (pMMR). Abou…

This study compares two standard radiotherapy approaches—short-course (1 week) and long-course (several weeks)—given before surgery to people with locally advanced rectal cancer. The goal is to see which one works better at shrinking tumors and is easier for patients to tolerate.…

This study tests two drugs, zanidatamab and tislelizumab, combined with standard chemo or radiation for people with HER2-positive stomach or colorectal cancers. About 70 adults aged 18-75 will receive the treatment to see if it shrinks tumors and controls the disease. The goal is…

This study compares a new drain fixation method (extra-peritoneal tunneling) to the standard method after rectal cancer surgery. About 596 participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups. The goal is to see if the new method reduces drain movement and improves the…

This study compares three surgical techniques for treating a common type of anal fistula (a tunnel between the anal canal and skin). The trial will enroll 90 adults aged 18-65 who have not had fistula surgery before. Researchers will measure healing, recurrence, and impact on bow…

This study tests a new endoscopic technique called ESISD for removing large, flat precancerous growths in the rectum. It compares ESISD to the standard procedure (ESD) in 60 patients to see if it is faster, safer, and more cost-effective. The goal is to improve treatment for pati…

This study is testing whether adding an immunotherapy drug (PD-1 inhibitor) to standard chemoradiation can better shrink or eliminate tumors in people with locally advanced rectal cancer that has a high chance of coming back. About 30 participants will receive the combination tre…

This study tests an immunotherapy called PDS0101 in 27 adults with both HIV and HPV 16. The goal is to see if it is safe and can strengthen the immune system's response against HPV, which can cause cancers like anal and cervical cancer. All participants will receive three doses o…

This study tests whether a higher dose of radiation (58.75 Gy) given before surgery can help more people with locally advanced rectal cancer achieve a complete response (no cancer left) compared to the standard dose (50 Gy). About 156 adults aged 18-79 will receive radiation plus…

This trial compares two surgical techniques for removing rectal cancer in women. The standard method cuts the peritoneum slightly above its lowest point, while the new method cuts exactly at the lowest point. Researchers believe the new technique may reduce blood loss and protect…

This early-phase trial tests whether umbilical cord blood cells can safely help people with chronic radiation enteritis, a painful gut condition caused by cancer radiation therapy. Ten adults who have had pelvic or abdominal radiation will receive three weekly infusions of these …

This phase 2 trial tests a new approach for people with locally advanced rectal cancer that is not responding well to standard immunotherapy. Participants will receive short-course radiation, followed by an experimental drug (QL1706) that boosts the immune system, plus chemothera…

This phase 2 trial tests a new approach for locally advanced rectal cancer: using MRI-guided, reduced-field short-course radiotherapy together with immunotherapy and chemotherapy before surgery. The goal is to shrink the tumor effectively while causing fewer side effects than sta…

This phase 2 trial tests a new approach for patients with a specific type of mid-low rectal cancer (pMMR/MSS). Participants receive a short course of radiation followed by six cycles of the immunotherapy drug ivonescimab. The goal is to see if this combination can make the cancer…

This study aims to see if a simple blood test can find HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer early in men aged 50 and older who have no symptoms. Researchers will check blood for two markers of HPV and then follow up with those who test positive to find and treat any tumors. If succes…

This study will compare two different PET/MRI scans to see which one is better at finding lymph node metastases in people with middle to high rectal cancer. Thirty participants will receive both types of scans before surgery. The goal is to see if the newer tracer, [68Ga]Ga-CTR-F…

This study will check how well MRI can find and map perianal fistulas before surgery. Thirty patients with suspected fistulas will get an MRI, and the results will be compared to what surgeons find during the operation. The goal is to see if MRI can help doctors plan better surge…

This study will test whether a special type of MRI, called IVIM-MRI, can predict lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in rectal cancer patients before surgery. LVI is a sign that the cancer may spread, and knowing this ahead of time could help doctors choose the best treatment. The stud…

This study will test whether an artificial intelligence system can detect minimal residual disease—tiny amounts of cancer left after surgery—and predict recurrence in 700 people with rectal cancer. The AI combines blood tests, genetic data, and scans to create a more complete pic…

This study tests an AI-powered 3D imaging model to improve detection of cancer spread in patients with stage II-III rectal cancer. Researchers will analyze existing CT and MRI scans from 1,500 patients to see if the AI can predict whether the cancer has reached the edge of the ti…

This study tests a new platform called xDRIVE that combines drug sensitivity testing and AI to predict which treatments will work best for people with advanced colorectal cancer. The platform will not provide treatment itself but will give doctors a recommendation. The goal is to…

This study tests whether wearing tight compression garments on hands and feet during chemotherapy can prevent nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy) caused by taxane or oxaliplatin drugs. About 358 breast and colorectal cancer patients will be randomly assigned to wear compression …

This study tests whether the HPV vaccine can prevent the return of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in people who have already been treated for them. About 984 adults aged 18–55 with HPV-related HSIL of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, or anus will receive eith…

This study tests whether a daily Bergmann enema can prevent severe rectal injury caused by radiation therapy in 40 rectal cancer patients. Participants will receive the enema from the start of radiotherapy until 10 days after. The goal is to reduce the rate of moderate-to-severe …

This study tests whether taking high doses of vitamin E and CoQ10 daily for 90 days can reduce chronic side effects from pelvic radiation in people treated for prostate, uterine, cervical, or anal cancer. Researchers will monitor safety, side effects, and quality of life in 200 a…

This study tests whether Shouhui Tongbian Capsules, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, can relieve constipation after surgery for benign anal or rectal conditions like hemorrhoids. 120 adults will be randomly assigned to take either the herbal capsules or a standard laxative …

This study tests whether an artificial intelligence-based dietary care app can reduce distress from bowel changes and improve quality of life in rectal cancer patients who have had anal-preserving surgery. One hundred participants will be randomly assigned to either standard diet…

This study tests whether a home-based exercise program can help people with gastrointestinal or lung cancer handle chemotherapy better. Up to 120 participants will be randomly assigned to either an aerobic and resistance exercise group or a stretching group. All activities are do…

This study compares two treatments for fecal incontinence in children aged 6 to 10 who had surgery for anorectal malformation. One group gets electrical stimulation alone, the other gets electrical stimulation plus biofeedback. The goal is to see which approach better strengthens…

This study tests whether doing pelvic floor exercises (called anal lift exercises) and changing diet early after anal fistula surgery can help reduce pain, bleeding, and discomfort. About 124 adults aged 18 to 55 who have had anal fistula surgery will be split into two groups: on…

This study tests whether a supervised strength-training program is safe and practical for people with locally advanced rectal cancer who are receiving chemotherapy and radiation before surgery. Fifteen participants will do personalized resistance exercises twice a week for about …

This study tests whether taking your own gut bacteria (autologous probiotics) can reduce bowel problems after ileostomy closure in rectal cancer patients. Forty adults who had rectal cancer surgery with a temporary ileostomy will receive capsules containing their own lactobacillu…

This study tests whether a personalized plan for removing urinary catheters after mid-low rectal cancer surgery can reduce the need for re-insertion. About 1,545 patients will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: catheter removal at 24 hours, at 48 hours, or an individual…

This study tests a highly absorbable form of curcumin (from turmeric) in 72 adults with mid-to-low rectal cancer who are getting chemoradiation before surgery. The goal is to see if curcumin can reduce severe gut side effects like diarrhea and rectal pain. Researchers will also c…

This study tests whether injecting platelet-rich plasma (PRP) into the wound after fistulotomy surgery for simple anal fistula can speed healing and reduce pain. About 70 adults aged 18-65 with simple low anal fistulas will be randomly assigned to get either standard surgery plus…

This study tests two special formulas—amino acid formula (AAF) and extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF)—in 360 infants aged 0-6 months with suspected cow's milk protein allergy. Babies will receive one formula for at least 2 weeks, and doctors will check if symptoms like diarrhea…

This study tests a behavioral program to help women who have had pelvic radiation use vaginal dilators more regularly. Dilators can prevent or treat vaginal narrowing that makes exams or sex painful. 88 women will be randomly assigned to either the program (with coping strategies…

This study looks at whether a blood test that finds tiny bits of tumor DNA (ctDNA) can help doctors monitor rectal cancer more closely than standard scans. Researchers will collect blood and tissue samples from 60 adults with non-spreading rectal cancer before and after standard …

This study looks at people who have had certain types of colon polyps (serrated lesions) removed. It aims to find out why some of them later develop new advanced growths in the colon. By tracking 750 adults over time, researchers hope to identify risk factors that could help doct…

This study will follow 120 women having surgery for common anal conditions like fissures, hemorrhoids, or fistulas. Researchers want to see if their sexual function improves after surgery. Participants will fill out questionnaires before surgery and at 3 and 6 months after. The g…

This study will follow 100 people with severe obesity who are starting a GLP-1 drug (like Ozempic or Wegovy) to see if it causes new anal or rectal problems within the first 3 months. Participants will have a check-up before starting the drug and again after 3 months to look for …

This study looks at the care paths of 300 people with anal cancer to find out what causes delays in diagnosis. Researchers will track the time from first symptoms to diagnosis and check how screening and access to care affect outcomes. The goal is to improve awareness and help ca…

This study looks at where cancer spreads to lymph nodes in people with colon or rectal cancer. Researchers will examine tissue from 1200 patients who had surgery to remove their cancer. The goal is to find patterns that could help doctors better plan treatment in the future.

This study aims to develop a method using advanced MRI scans to predict whether rectal cancer has been completely eliminated after chemoradiation. About 115 patients will be enrolled to test the accuracy of this MRI-based prediction. If it works, some patients might safely avoid …

This study tests whether training healthcare providers to reduce stigma can increase the use of HIV and STI prevention services, like testing and preventive medications. It will involve 8 clinics in the Mississippi Delta and track changes in how often patients receive these servi…

This study tests a new short camera called a rectoscope to check the lower bowel after rectal tumour removal. The goal is to see if it can be used in the clinic with a simple enema instead of strong bowel prep, making follow-up checks faster and reducing waiting lists. Thirty pat…

This study will compare treatment recommendations made by a large language model (AI) with those made by a team of cancer experts for 180 people with rectal cancer. The AI will analyze de-identified patient information and suggest a treatment plan. The goal is to see how often th…

This study looks at whether a special decision aid helps patients with a cancerous colon polyp choose between more surgery or careful monitoring. About 110 adults in Denmark will use the aid during their doctor visit. The goal is to see if it changes treatment choices and improve…

This study will look at tumor samples and health records from 300 people who had surgery for rectal cancer. The goal is to find patterns in the tumor's immune environment that can predict which patients will respond well to chemotherapy or immunotherapy. This could help doctors i…

This study looks at 100 adults with advanced rectal cancer who received total neoadjuvant therapy (a combination of chemotherapy and radiation before surgery). Researchers want to see whether the response in the lymph nodes or the primary tumor better predicts how long patients s…

This study will follow 46 people treated for stage III rectal cancer to see if PET-CT scans can help doctors make better treatment decisions during routine follow-up. Participants will already be getting these scans as part of their care and will be tracked for 5 years. The goal …

This study follows 42 women with HPV-positive pelvic cancer (cervix, vagina, vulva, or anus) to understand how radiotherapy, with or without surgery, affects their sexual quality of life. Participants complete questionnaires about sexual function and emotional distress over time.…

This study tests a new robotic system (Intilume) for removing early-stage rectal tumors through the body's natural openings, avoiding incisions. Ten adults with non-cancerous or early cancerous growths in the rectum will be treated. The goal is to see if the robot makes the proce…

This study will observe 90 adults with anal fistulas to see if the time between first symptoms and surgery affects healing and recurrence. Participants are grouped by how long they waited: 3 months or less, 3 to 6 months, or more than 6 months. Researchers will track healing, rec…

This study reviews medical records of 300 adults who had endoscopic or surgical removal of rectal tumors between 2015 and 2025. Researchers want to see if newer endoscopic methods are as safe and effective as traditional surgery. The goal is to help doctors choose the best approa…

This study will analyze tumor samples from 50 women with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer to find biological markers that predict whether immunotherapy will work. Researchers will examine the tumor's DNA, epigenetics, and surrounding environment. The goal is to better und…

This study will review medical records of 100 adults with locally advanced rectal cancer treated between 2018 and 2025 at hospitals in Egypt. Researchers will look at which treatments patients received and how they fared, including survival and side effects. The goal is to unders…

This study looks at two ways to remove rectal cancer tumors. The newer method removes the tumor through the anus, avoiding extra cuts in the belly. The goal is to see if this leads to fewer wound problems and less pain after surgery. The study will review records from 190 adult p…

This phase 2 trial tests whether a highly sensitive blood test (ctDNA) can help manage treatment for 200 people with early-stage rectal cancer. After standard chemotherapy and radiation, some patients will have their treatment guided by the blood test results instead of immediate…

This study looks at whether doctors are properly reporting small cancer spots called tumor deposits in people with rectal cancer. These spots can show if the cancer is more aggressive and might need extra treatment like chemo or radiation. Researchers will compare reports from be…

This study tests whether using the 'teach-back' method—where patients repeat back what they've learned—improves understanding and reduces readmissions after same-day anal fistula surgery. Half of the 76 participants will get this interactive education, while the other half receiv…

This study looks at 38 women who had pelvic side effects (like pain in the rectum, bladder, or vagina) after radiation or chemotherapy for gynecological cancers. Researchers will compare their gut bacteria to healthy controls and see if rectal ozone therapy changes the microbiome…

This study looks at people with rectal cancer who have small leftover spots after chemoradiotherapy. One group will have these spots removed with a scope, while the other group will just be watched closely. The goal is to see which approach leads to better cancer control after on…

This study will look at 150 infants and children aged 1 month to 4 years who are admitted to a hospital gastroenterology unit with a gastrointestinal disease. The goal is to find out how common electrolyte disturbances (like low sodium or potassium) are in these children. By meas…