Duke University

This study tested a school-based program to increase HPV vaccination among middle school students in rural North and South Carolina. Researchers worked with two school districts to see if the program could improve vaccination rates. The study involved only 2 participants and focu…

This study tests whether having a pharmacist call both patients with heart disease and their doctors can increase the use of high-intensity statins—powerful cholesterol-lowering drugs that prevent future heart problems. The trial includes adults aged 18 to 75 with atherosclerotic…

This study tested a program called SYV (The Voice of Youth) to see if supporting mental health helps young people with HIV take their medication regularly. 690 youth aged 10-24 in Tanzania took part. The goal was to improve viral suppression by addressing mental health challenges…

This study tested a remote, virtual cardiology program for people recently hospitalized with worsening heart failure. The program provided education, monitoring, and quick medication adjustments. Researchers compared outcomes like death and repeat heart failure events between tho…

This study tested a 6-month peer-led weight loss program called TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly) in 116 older African American women with obesity. Participants attended dietitian-facilitated classes, while a waitlist group received the program later. The goal was to see if this co…

This study looked at whether giving diabetes patients who are at risk for food insecurity money to buy fruits and vegetables, along with nutrition education, can improve their blood sugar control and reduce emergency room visits. Over 2,000 adults participated, with one group rec…

This study tested whether baricitinib, a drug used for arthritis, can safely reduce high protein levels in the urine of African American adults with a specific genetic form of kidney disease (APOL1). Eight participants took the drug to see if it lowered their urine protein and pr…

This study tested a short, motivational counseling session for injured patients who drink alcohol, delivered in the emergency department in Tanzania. Over 600 adults took part, and the goal was to see if the intervention could reduce binge drinking and related harms. The approach…

This study tested a weight management program for young adult cancer survivors (ages 18-39) who have obesity and are within 5 years of finishing cancer treatment. The program combined healthy eating, physical activity, and symptom management to help reduce cardiovascular disease …

This study tested whether genetic testing for two liver enzymes (CYP2D6 and CYP2C19) can help doctors prescribe better pain medicines after surgery. Over 1,600 participants were randomly assigned to either immediate genetic testing and tailored pain treatment or standard care. Th…

This study tested whether a steroid (beclomethasone) placed directly in the nose using a tiny sponge could help people who lost their sense of smell after COVID-19. Sixteen adults with smell loss lasting over 3 months received either the steroid or a placebo sponge twice, two wee…

This study looked at whether community health workers can help people with HIV and high blood pressure in northern Tanzania manage their condition. About 100 participants received counseling, doctor visits, and phone calls over 6 months. The goal was to see if this approach helps…

This study tested whether a weekly injection of abatacept (Orencia) plus usual care could prevent juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) from spreading to more joints or causing eye inflammation. 121 children with recent-onset JIA affecting 4 or fewer joints took part. The goal was …

This study looked at how to best use antibiotics to prevent infections in people having knee replacement surgery. About 1,770 adults were split into groups that got antibiotics either just before surgery or for a full day after. The goal was to see if a single dose works as well …

This pilot study tested a text-based program to help people gradually reduce and quit smokeless tobacco. 69 adults who used smokeless tobacco at least 3 times a day took part. For 6 weeks, everyone received automated texts to cut down. Those who didn't quit were randomly assigned…

This study looked at a rare type of daily headache in children and teens called NDPH. Researchers used standard headache medicines and measured certain proteins in the blood to see if they change with treatment. The goal was to better understand the condition and see how well the…

This study tested whether using mobile monitoring devices along with nurse support can help people better manage type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. 220 adults with poor diabetes control took part. The program focused on teaching self-management skills like tracking blood su…

This study compared two common water pills (torsemide vs furosemide) in nearly 3,000 adults hospitalized with heart failure. The goal was to see which drug better prevents death or the need for repeat hospitalizations over 12 months. Participants were randomly assigned to one of …

This completed Phase 2 pilot trial tested whether personalized supplements could slow the progression of ALS. Researchers used a genetic analysis platform to sort 50 participants into four disease categories—neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired autophagy, or mitochondria…

This study looked at 173 adults on ventilators to see if combining advanced germ-detection tests with a patient's immune response can improve diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Researchers compared several molecular tests and host-response markers to standard clinical …

This study tested a handheld device that uses near-infrared light to quickly detect bleeding inside the skull after a head injury. Researchers compared the device's results to CT scans in 180 patients in Uganda. The goal was to see if this portable tool could help diagnose brain …

This study tested a custom, low-cost eye imaging device to see if it can produce retinal images as good as those from expensive commercial machines. Eleven healthy adults had their retinas scanned with both devices. The goal was to check if the cheaper device could clearly show t…

This study looked at whether taking extra ultrasound images during a standard stress echocardiogram can help doctors figure out if chest pain or shortness of breath is caused by a stiff heart (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, or HFpEF). Researchers enrolled 30 peop…

This study tested whether a program to help people drink more water could prevent kidney stones from coming back. Over 1,600 adults and children who had a kidney stone in the past used a smart water bottle to track their intake, with some getting financial rewards for meeting the…

This study tested a personalized exercise program called Gerofit for older adults with sickle cell disease. The goal was to see if the program is safe, doable, and helps improve physical health and quality of life. Thirty participants took part in tele-exercise sessions focusing …

This study tested four new types of tonometer tips that can measure eye pressure without numbing drops. 49 adults getting routine eye exams tried the new tips and rated them for comfort. The goal is to find the best design for a home-use device that makes glaucoma monitoring easi…

This study tested different treatments to help with sleep problems caused by Long COVID. It involved 361 adults and looked at improving daytime sleepiness and overall sleep quality. The goal was to find which treatments work best for these specific sleep issues.

This study tested two simple treatments—melatonin pills and tailored light therapy—to help people with Long COVID who have trouble sleeping. About 470 participants were randomly assigned to receive either melatonin, a placebo, or light therapy. The goal was to see if these treatm…

This study tested whether a smartphone app could help people with PTSD quit smoking and avoid starting again. Participants received counseling, stop-smoking medications, and rewards for not smoking, plus the app. The goal was to see if the app made it easier to stay smoke-free co…

This study tested whether acupuncture given in the emergency department can safely and effectively reduce sudden muscle or bone pain. Researchers enrolled 599 adults with pain lasting 7 days or less. Participants received ear acupuncture, body acupuncture, or no acupuncture, and …

This study tested a special pain coping skills program for people with advanced solid tumor cancer who have pain that interferes with daily activities. 211 patients were randomly assigned to either the program or standard care. The program taught ways to manage pain and find mean…

This study tested whether offering payments for low carbon monoxide readings can help homeless smokers quit. Twenty-five homeless Veterans received nicotine replacement therapy, counseling, and a mobile phone to record their breath tests. The goal was to see if this reward-based …

This study tested a structured pacing program for 300 people with Long COVID who experience exercise intolerance and post-exertional malaise. Participants worked with a pacing coach for 12 weeks to manage their activity and symptoms. The goal was to see if pacing could improve ex…

This study aimed to find the right dose of a spinal anesthesia drug (bupivacaine) for women with a BMI over 50 undergoing a planned C-section. Researchers tested different doses in 45 women to see which dose worked best without needing extra pain relief. The goal is to improve sa…

This completed study tested whether a noninvasive brain stimulation technique called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could help people with focal hand dystonia, a condition that causes hand cramping during tasks like writing. Twelve participants received rTMS …

This study tested two behavioral programs—coping skills training and general health education—to see which better improves well-being in people with ongoing pain after breast cancer surgery. About 316 participants who had surgery for breast cancer or precancerous conditions took …

This study tested whether small cash grants and peer mentoring could help transgender people who are struggling financially feel less psychological distress. 360 transgender adults experiencing material hardship were split into three groups: one got a single grant, another got mo…

This study tested two treatments for vestibulodynia, a chronic pain condition affecting the vulvar area. 209 women received either a lidocaine/estradiol cream, the antidepressant nortriptyline, both, or a placebo. The goal was to see which approach best reduces pain and improves …

This study tested a mobile app that teaches Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to help people with glaucoma cope with anxiety, depression, and emotional distress. Researchers worked with 28 patients to see if the app was acceptable and easy to use. The goal was to lay the gr…

This study tested a program that combines coping skills training with exercise for people who have had a lung transplant. 180 adults were split into two groups: one received the coping and exercise program, the other got standard care and education. The goal was to see if the pro…

This study tested two programs designed to help children aged 5 to 9 with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), a condition where kids can't eat enough or a wide enough variety of food. The goal was to see if these programs could reduce severe symptoms like poor grow…

This study tested a program called LiveWell, which teaches practical skills to help people with metastatic lung cancer manage stress, anxiety, and sadness. One participant completed the 8-session video-based training. The goal was to see if the program is usable and helpful for i…

This completed study tested a health coach-led online program for 36 women with lupus. The program included 8 group sessions and 2 individual sessions to help participants set personal health goals and manage symptoms like fatigue, pain, and brain fog. Researchers measured satisf…

This study tested whether a rectus sheath block (a type of nerve block) using liposomal bupivacaine can reduce the need for opioid painkillers after gynecologic cancer surgery. Thirty patients received the block and were compared to 60 similar patients who had epidural pain relie…

This study tested a drug that blocks a pain-signaling protein (CGRP) in 26 adults with trigeminal or glossopharyngeal nerve pain caused by small fiber neuropathy or fibromyalgia. The goal was to see if it reduces pain and the need for other pain medications, while checking for si…

This study tested a telehealth program that teaches caregivers skills to manage ADHD-related behaviors and sleep problems in preschoolers aged 3-5 at risk for ADHD. 46 families participated, and researchers measured changes in ADHD symptoms and sleep habits. The goal is to provid…

This study looked at whether a moderate-intensity breathing exercise program is safe and doable for people with ALS. Nine adults with ALS did four 3-week cycles of respiratory muscle training at home, with weekly check-ins via video call. The main goal was to see if participants …

This study tested a program that teaches couples communication skills when one partner has advanced cancer. About 440 patients and their partners took part, with half receiving the training and half getting general healthy living information. The goal was to see if the training c…

This study tested whether a type of talk therapy called Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can help people struggling with the emotional stress of infertility. Nine adults with infertility took part in 12 therapy sessions. Researchers measured changes in mood, stress, and ho…

This study tested different treatments for sleep problems caused by Long COVID. It included 830 adults who had COVID-19 and now have trouble sleeping or feel very sleepy during the day. The goal was to see if treatments matched to specific sleep issues could help people feel bett…

This study tested whether a sleep medication called suvorexant could improve sleep and reduce severe confusion (delirium) in adults 65 and older after non-cardiac surgery. 142 participants received either the drug or a placebo after their operation. The goal was to see if better …

This study compared two standard ways of giving steroid injections for nerve pain in the arm that comes from the neck. One method injects near the nerve root in the neck, the other in the back of the spine. Researchers measured pain relief in 74 adults to see if one route is safe…

This study tested a mobile health program to help breast cancer patients in medically underserved areas manage pain and disability. 180 women with breast cancer and persistent pain took part in four video-conferencing sessions over eight weeks, learning coping skills from a remot…

This study tested a type of talk therapy called Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for people undergoing stem cell transplants. The goal was to help patients cope with the physical and emotional stress of the procedure, improve their physical function, and possibly shorten h…

This study compared methadone to standard opioids like fentanyl for pain relief during and after outpatient surgery. Over 900 adults aged 18-65 having moderately painful procedures took part. The goal was to see if methadone could reduce the total amount of opioids patients used …

This pilot study tested whether adding mindfulness training and acupuncture to standard education helps people recover after spine surgery. Fifty adults undergoing single-level fusion, discectomy, or laminectomy were randomly assigned to either the combined program or education a…

This study tested different treatments to help people with Long COVID who struggle with exercise and feel very tired after activity. Researchers enrolled 660 adults across multiple medical centers to see if these treatments could improve exercise ability, daily activity, and qual…

This study tested a new program called SMILE that helps teens and young adults (ages 15-29) with advanced cancer manage symptoms like pain, fatigue, and emotional distress. The program includes four video sessions at home, teaching relaxation and coping skills. Researchers checke…

This study tested a home-based tablet program that teaches pain coping skills to people who had a stem cell transplant. 36 adults who had pain after their transplant used the program or received usual care. The goal was to see if the program was practical and helpful for managing…

This study tested whether a quadratus lumborum (QL) block—a numbing injection between abdominal muscle layers—provides better pain control and easier recovery than the standard epidural for people having laparoscopic colon surgery. Researchers measured opioid use and pain scores …

This study tested whether high-dose inspiratory muscle training (IMT) using a handheld device is safe and feasible for people with late-onset Pompe disease. 34 adults with stable Pompe disease did remote breathing exercises. Researchers measured changes in respiratory strength an…

This study looked at whether 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training could help people who had a stem cell transplant for blood cancer. It involved 16 patients and their caregivers. The goal was to see if exercise improves physical function, th…

This pilot study tested whether shared medical visits (group doctor appointments) plus cooking classes help people manage their weight. 43 adults with obesity from a weight management center were randomly assigned to either group visits with cooking classes or online modules abou…

This study tested a mobile app called PainPac designed to help people with colorectal cancer manage pain. The app provides coping strategies and tracks symptoms in real time. Researchers enrolled 62 adults with stage I-IV colorectal cancer to see if the app was easy to use and ac…

This study tested a program to help cancer survivors quit smoking and manage pain. Nineteen survivors received counseling and the medication varenicline (Chantix). The goal was to see if the program was practical and helpful, not yet to prove it works.

This study follows children and adolescents aged 5 to 16 who receive an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine to monitor for side effects like injection site pain, fever, and other reactions. Participants report symptoms for a week after each dose, and some provide blood samples to measure antib…

This study tracks 50 people with blood cancers who are receiving CAR T therapy. Researchers will take blood samples over time to measure immune cells and genetic changes. The goal is to find patterns that predict or explain why the cancer comes back. This is an observational stud…

This study looked at how well two drugs, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil, work for people with myasthenia gravis in everyday medical practice. Researchers followed 82 adults with autoimmune MG for 2-3 years, measuring quality of life and side effects. The goal was to provi…

This study tested a coaching program for doctors to improve communication with Black and Latinx families during hospital rounds. The program taught doctors to be more respectful, collaborative, and trauma-aware. Researchers measured whether families felt more trust and satisfacti…

This study tested a method to help prevent decompression sickness (the bends) in astronauts during spacewalks. Nineteen healthy volunteers breathed pure oxygen for 6 hours, then spent 6 hours in a low-pressure chamber while exercising. Researchers monitored them for bubbles in th…

This study looked at whether a 5-day skin treatment (mupirocin ointment in the nose and chlorhexidine baths) can reduce the amount of Staph aureus bacteria on mothers and their newborns. Only one mother participated, and researchers measured bacterial levels and surveyed her inte…

This pilot study tested whether a personalized nutrition plan using up to three Ensure shakes a day is practical for older adults (60+) recovering from a serious injury. Forty participants were randomly assigned to either the nutrition plan or standard care. The study did not mea…

This pilot study looked at whether adding genetic risk information to standard heart disease counseling or health coaching helps people make healthier choices. 31 adults at risk for heart disease participated. The goal was to see if this approach is practical and can improve diet…

This study looked at whether it's safe to give young children (6 months to 5 years old) their mRNA COVID-19 vaccine at the same time as other routine childhood vaccines. About 347 children took part, and researchers tracked fevers and other side effects for a week after vaccinati…

This study looked at how out-of-pocket costs affect the quality of life and treatment decisions of 60 head and neck cancer patients. Participants completed surveys about their finances, symptoms, and well-being during treatment. The goal was to understand the financial burden of …

This study worked with community groups to screen Hispanic/Latinx adults for kidney disease and diabetes, then referred them to a primary care doctor. It also gave local clinics guidelines to help doctors screen and treat Hispanic and Black patients with diabetes. The goal was to…

This study looked at whether a handheld ultrasound can measure muscle quality as well as a CT scan, but without radiation. Researchers compared images of the thigh muscle in 18 patients scheduled for hip replacement. The goal was to see if ultrasound could be a safe, easy way to …

This study tested a fast COVID-19 test-and-treat program in Ghana, Malawi, Rwanda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Researchers interviewed health officials, workers, and patients to see if the program was practical and well-liked. The goal was to learn how to set up similar programs in the…

This study tested a program called GRACE that helps primary care patients assess their risk for diseases like heart disease, cancer, and liver disease using family health history. Researchers enrolled 245 patients from five clinics, including low-resource settings, to see how man…

This study looked at whether using a stronger disinfectant that stays active for 24 hours can lower the amount of germs on surfaces in hospital rooms. Researchers compared this to standard cleaning in 475 patient rooms. The goal was to see if enhanced daily disinfection reduces c…

This completed study followed 509 children aged 3 to 18 who were taking risperidone or aripiprazole for conditions like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Researchers measured weight changes over up to 50 months to understand long-term risks. The goal was to provide better safety…

This study enrolled 1,000 adults aged 30 and older from North Carolina to track their physical fitness, thinking skills, and daily activity over two years. Participants provided blood samples and completed tests like walking speed and memory tasks. The goal was to learn what fact…

This study looked at whether eating ketone-rich foods before a dive could delay oxygen toxicity in the brain, a risk for divers breathing high-pressure oxygen. Twenty healthy adults exercised in a pressure chamber while breathing pure oxygen. Researchers measured how long it took…

This study looked at whether giving African American adults with high blood pressure early access to genetic testing for a kidney disease risk gene (APOL1) could improve their care. Over 6,700 participants were randomly assigned to get their genetic results right away or later. T…

This study looked at whether genetic testing can help doctors choose better medicines for depression, acute pain, and chronic pain. Over 4,000 people were screened to join one of three trials. The goal was to see if matching drugs to a person's genes improves outcomes compared to…

This study looked at whether treating insomnia can reduce the risk of heart disease in people with PTSD. Researchers measured blood pressure, blood vessel health, and other heart risk factors in 140 adults aged 40-59. The goal was to see if improving sleep could also improve hear…

This study tested different settings of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in 16 adults with epilepsy who were already scheduled for VNS device surgery. Researchers measured how stimulation affected heart rate and throat muscle contractions to find ways to reduce side effects. The goa…

This study looked at health records of over 2,000 people with HIV from racial and ethnic minority groups to see if seeing a heart specialist (cardiologist) helps prevent heart disease. Researchers tracked who visited a cardiologist and for how long, up to 5 years. The goal is to …

This study looked at 149 adults with high blood pressure and insomnia to understand how poor sleep might raise the risk of heart disease. Researchers used a sleep therapy called CBT-I to see if improving sleep could lower nighttime blood pressure. The goal was to learn more about…

This completed study looked at the energy needs and nutritional health of 60 adolescent girls aged 10-19 in rural Abia State, Nigeria. Researchers measured how many calories the girls burned each day using a special water test, tracked their physical activity with wrist monitors,…

This study tested a program called AARC, designed to support African American families with new babies. The program included 7 group sessions over Zoom covering parenting, feeding, sleep, and self-care. Researchers wanted to see if the program was acceptable and practical for fam…

This study looked at whether applying moisturizer before metronidazole cream changes how much medication gets into the skin of people with rosacea. Twenty-one adults had moisturizer and metronidazole applied to their face, then researchers used tape strips to measure drug levels …

This study looked at how applying positive or negative pressure around the body affects exercise in people with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 27 participants, including healthy volunteers and heart failure patients, were tested non-invasively and some invasively…

This study looked at how the drug dupilumab changes gene and protein activity in airway cells from adults with asthma and obesity. Researchers compared allergic and non-allergic participants to understand different treatment responses. The goal was to gather knowledge, not to tes…

This study tested whether a wearable sensor can detect changes in knee joint loading after a small amount of fluid is injected into the knee (simulating injury). Fourteen healthy adults aged 18-35 participated. Researchers measured walking patterns, muscle activity, and balance b…

This study aimed to find new genetic changes that might cause inherited diseases, especially in people who already have a diagnosis but whose genetic tests were not clear. Researchers studied 56 patients and their family members to look for hidden variants in parts of the DNA tha…

This study looked at why Hispanic people with Parkinson's disease may have more thinking and memory problems. Researchers checked 40 participants for heart-related risks like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. The goal was to understand how these factors might contribute…

This study looked at whether it is safe for pregnant women to receive the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and the flu shot at the same time versus a few weeks apart. 98 pregnant women were randomly assigned to one of the two schedules. Researchers tracked side effects, pregnancy outcomes, …

This study looked at what helps or hinders COVID-19 testing among Black/African American adults. Researchers worked with beauty salons and barber shops to share culturally relevant videos and messages from trusted community leaders. The goal was to understand attitudes and increa…

This study looked at how young adults react to health warnings on waterpipe (hookah) tobacco ads. Over 2,500 participants viewed ads with or without text and graphic warnings about the risks of hookah smoking. Researchers measured emotional reactions, attitudes toward smoking, an…

This completed study from Duke University looked at 297 older adults (60+) undergoing knee replacement surgery. Researchers measured physical activity, pain, thinking skills, and immune responses before and after surgery to understand what helps people recover well. The goal was …

This study tested whether a smartphone-based cognitive training app, adapted from BrainHQ and tailored for older Chinese Americans, is practical and well-liked. Thirty-five participants aged 60 and older used the app for several weeks. Researchers measured how many people signed …

This study used computer simulations to analyze airflow in the noses of 12 adults with a cleft lip nasal deformity who were scheduled for surgery. The goal was to better understand how the deformity affects breathing and to help doctors plan more effective surgeries. The research…

This study tested a mobile app called CLARE designed to train and support family caregivers of older adults with COVID-19. Researchers enrolled 50 caregivers aged 35 or older who were the primary helper for a loved one aged 55+ after hospital discharge. The app provided guidance …

This study looked at why different physical therapy treatments, like manual therapy and exercise, both help chronic neck pain. Researchers studied 122 adults with neck pain lasting over 3 months. They measured changes in neck movement, pain sensitivity, and muscle endurance to se…

This study looked at how the antibiotic metronidazole spreads into the intestinal tissue of 21 infants (ages 0-2) during planned bowel surgery. Researchers took blood and tissue samples at several time points to measure drug levels. The goal is to find the best dose to prevent in…

This study looked at whether specific features on eye imaging scans can predict how well a person with diabetic macular edema will respond to treatment. Researchers analyzed images from 32 participants to find patterns linked to better or worse outcomes. The goal is to help docto…

This study tested a play (ethnodrama) designed to reduce stigma around PrEP, a daily pill that prevents HIV, for young women in Kenya. Researchers asked 63 people—including young women, their partners, peers, healthcare workers, and community leaders—whether the play's storylines…

This study tested a new imaging software called HoloDBS to see if it helps doctors plan deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery better than current methods. Researchers reviewed medical records from 20 adults with Parkinson's disease who were already scheduled for DBS. No extra visi…

This study tested a short survey called PING that asks people with chronic disease about their goals and preferences. The goal was to see if filling out the survey before a checkup leads to more conversations about care goals. 20 people took part, and the study looked at whether …

This study tested whether showing hospitalized patients a short video about chlorhexidine bathing could improve how well they follow the bathing instructions. Chlorhexidine bathing is known to reduce serious bloodstream infections from central lines, but many patients do not do i…

This study looked at 16 adults with acute respiratory failure who were on a type of breathing machine called pressure-support ventilation. Researchers compared three different methods to measure the risk of lung injury caused by the ventilator itself. The goal was to see which me…

This study looked at 470 people with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) to see if special eye scans (SDOCT) can predict vision loss and disease worsening. Participants were already in the AREDS 2 trial and had moderate to high risk of progression. Researchers tracked changes …

This study tested a program called Elimisha HPV, designed to reduce stigma and increase cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV in Kenya. The program included simple educational scripts, a video addressing fears, and peer support. Nearly 1,000 women participated, an…

This study tested a simple approach where doctors review pharmacy refill data during clinic visits and talk with patients about their medications. The goal was to see if this method is practical and acceptable for improving medication adherence in people with chronic rheumatic di…

This study tested whether training community leaders can reduce domestic violence in Peru. Over 8,700 people from 250 villages took part. The program used either household visits or group sessions to change attitudes about violence and gender roles. The goal was to see which appr…