Crohn disease

This study looked at whether the HPV vaccine works in girls aged 9 to 17 who are taking medicines that weaken their immune system, such as after an organ transplant or for diseases like lupus. The goal was to see if their bodies produce enough antibodies to protect against HPV. T…

This study tested a Novavax COVID-19 booster vaccine in 21 people with weakened immune systems due to inflammatory bowel disease or organ transplants. The goal was to see if the booster improved antibody levels and immune protection against COVID-19. Participants had already rece…

This study looked at 108 adults with Crohn's disease whose symptoms returned while on standard ustekinumab treatment. Researchers gave them a re-induction infusion and then split them into two groups: one continued the usual shot every 8 weeks, the other got a shot every 4 weeks.…

This study investigates whether giving vitamin D supplements to adults with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) who also have low vitamin D levels can improve their iron status. Participants take high-dose vitamin D3 weekly for 8 weeks, then a lower…

This study is testing a new device called SEGER IDEA™ that helps surgeons close openings in the bowel during keyhole surgery. It is the first time this device is being used in humans. Ten adults having certain types of bowel surgery will take part. The main goal is to see if the …

This trial tests whether a nurse-led education program, based on the Health Belief Model, can improve treatment adherence in people with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) who are receiving anti-TNF therapy. The program aims to address patients' co…

This study tested whether taking tempeh powder (a source of isoflavones) and vitamin D3 daily for 8 weeks could improve vitamin D levels, reduce inflammation, and boost quality of life in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fifty adults with ulcerative colitis or Crohn'…

This study tested the drug upadacitinib in people with Crohn's disease that only affects the small bowel, a type that is often harder to treat. Researchers compared 3 patients with small-bowel Crohn's to others with Crohn's in different areas, using ultrasound to measure bowel in…

This study looked at whether the drug ustekinumab can help people with moderate to severe Crohn's disease reach 'deep remission' — meaning no symptoms, healed gut lining, and healed gut wall. Researchers followed 156 patients for 44 weeks and checked what factors helped predict t…

This study looked at the long-term safety of vedolizumab, a biologic drug given by IV, in 59 children with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Participants had already completed a previous study and continued treatment to monitor for side effects. The goal was to see if the dr…

This study looked at 150 adults with Crohn's disease to see if advanced imaging could predict how well the drug Ustekinumab controls inflammation. Researchers measured changes in the gut wall and compared them to standard tests. The goal was to improve treatment monitoring for th…

This study tested whether the antifungal drug fluconazole could lower levels of certain antibodies (ASCA) and prevent Crohn's disease from returning after bowel surgery. Thirty-five adults with Crohn's disease who had recent ileal or ileocecal resection were randomly assigned to …

This study tested a new drug called tulisokibart (PRA023) in 55 people with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease who had not responded well to other treatments. The main goals were to check safety and see if the drug could improve gut healing and reduce symptoms. After 12 weeks, so…

This study tested whether a device that uses light to monitor blood flow (photoplethysmography) could help doctors manage fluids better during colorectal surgery. The goal was to reduce complications after surgery. 160 adults having colorectal surgery took part. The approach is n…

This study tested two ways of using liquid nutrition to prevent Crohn's disease from flaring up again in children aged 6 to 18. One group got all their calories from a special liquid diet for one week out of every four (cyclic), while the other group got 25% of their calories fro…

This phase 2b trial tested a new drug called TEV-48574 (duvakitug) in 290 adults with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. The study aimed to see if the drug could help patients achieve clinical remission (for UC) or an endoscopic response (for CD) after 14 w…

This study looked at the safety of giving repeated doses of remestemcel-L, a stem cell therapy, to 73 people with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease that didn't respond to standard treatments. Participants had already received the drug in an earlier study and were given three mor…

This phase 3 trial tested a stem cell treatment called PROCHYMAL in 98 people with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease who had already responded to an earlier stem cell dose. The goal was to see how long the benefit lasts and whether a repeat dose can bring back symptom relief. Pa…

This phase 3 trial tests whether infusions of PROCHYMAL, a type of adult stem cell, can help people with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease who haven't responded to standard treatments. Over 300 participants will receive either stem cells or a placebo through an IV four times ove…

This study tested whether a daily dose of grape powder (46 grams) could improve gut bacteria and reduce inflammation in adults with Crohn's disease who were in remission. Twenty-one participants took the grape powder and provided stool and blood samples. The goal was to see if gr…

This phase 3 study tested the safety of guselkumab in 38 people with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. Participants received the drug first through an IV, then as injections. The main goal was to track side effects, but researchers also looked at whether symptoms improved. Resu…

This phase 2 trial tested the safety of P28GST, a protein from a parasite, in 10 adults with moderate Crohn's disease. Participants received three injections over three months. The goal was to see if the protein could safely control inflammation, especially after intestinal surge…

This study tested a web-based telemonitoring system called TECCU for people with moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). 290 participants in Spain were randomly assigned to use the app or receive usual care. The goal was to see if th…

This study tested what happens when patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or eye inflammation switch from the original drug Remicade to its lower-cost biosimilar Inflectra. Over 260 adults who had been on Remicade for at least 4 months were switched. The main goal …

This completed study looked at how safe and effective upadacitinib (RINVOQ) is for Korean adults with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. About 600 participants were followed for up to 52 weeks while taking the drug as prescribed by their doctor. The main go…

This study looked at whether a higher dose (10 mg/kg) of the drug infliximab (TA-650) could help people with Crohn's disease who were not getting enough benefit from the standard dose (5 mg/kg). The 39 participants received the higher dose every 8 weeks. The main goal was to see …

This study tested switching 38 adults with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's or ulcerative colitis) from intravenous infliximab to a subcutaneous (under-the-skin) injection. Researchers measured drug levels, quality of life, and patient satisfaction over 24 weeks. The goal was …

This study tested a drug called TA-650 (also known as infliximab) in 14 children with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. The drug was given as an IV infusion to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. The goal was to see if it could lower disease activity scores and improve th…

This study tested whether tranexamic acid, a drug that helps blood clot, can lower the chance of infection after gastrointestinal surgery. Over 3,300 adults at higher risk for complications took part. The goal was to see if the drug reduces surgical site infections compared to a …

This study monitored 688 people in South Korea with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or pouchitis who were treated with Kynteles (vedolizumab) as part of their normal care. The main goal was to track side effects, and researchers also looked at how many patients saw symptom i…

This study followed 150 people with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease) who were given VedAryo (vedolizumab) to see if it helps control their condition and is safe. Participants received the drug by IV at the start, after 2 weeks, after 6 weeks, and…

This completed study tested a dietary plan combining a special diet for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-AID) with a pea protein drink (Kate Farms Peptide 1.5) in 20 adults experiencing a Crohn's disease flare and starting new immunologic therapy. The goal was to see if this appro…

This study tested whether a blood test measuring proteins can help doctors choose the best treatment for people newly diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. 300 patients were split into two groups: one where doctors had …

This early-stage study tested a new biologic drug called AZD7798 in 112 people, including healthy volunteers and patients with Crohn's disease. The main goal was to check if the drug is safe and how the body processes it. Researchers gave single or repeated doses and monitored fo…

This study tested whether ustekinumab, a drug that blocks inflammation, can help children aged 2 to 17 with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. 101 participants first received the drug through an IV, then some continued with injections while others got a placebo. The goal was to …

This registry study followed 156 Chinese patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease who were prescribed Humira (adalimumab) by their doctors. The goal was to see how safe and effective the drug is in real-world use over one year. Researchers tracked serious side effects and…

This study tested a drug called spesolimab in 27 adults with Crohn's disease who also have fistulas near the anus. The drug is given by IV every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. The study had two parts: first, researchers took tissue samples to learn what causes the fistulas; second, they c…

This study looked at how well a special diet (called CDED plus NEP) works for children aged 8 to 18 with active Crohn's disease. The diet aims to reduce inflammation and help the gut heal without needing steroids or other strong drugs. Researchers tracked 58 kids in real-world cl…

This study looked at 73 adults with Crohn's disease who needed surgery to remove a diseased part of the bowel. Researchers compared two different ways to reconnect the healthy ends: one that removes the fatty tissue around the bowel (mesentery) and one that keeps it (Kono-S). The…

This study looked at whether regularly measuring levels of anti-TNF drugs and antibodies in the blood can help doctors better manage inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's and ulcerative colitis). 260 patients were split into two groups: one where doctors used these test results to …

This study tested the drug ustekinumab (STELARA) in 182 Chinese adults with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. The goal was to see if the drug could reduce symptoms and heal the gut lining over 52 weeks. Participants received the drug by IV and later by injection, and researcher…

This study tested two team-based care models for 657 adults with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's or ulcerative colitis) who also had mild to severe behavioral health symptoms. One model used in-person visits with a team including a gastroenterologist, nurse, nutritionist, and…

This study compares contrast-enhanced ultrasound to standard CT and MRI scans for detecting bowel inflammation in children aged 10–18 with Crohn's disease. Participants receive an ultrasound with a microbubble contrast agent alongside their regularly scheduled CT or MRI. The goal…

This study tested whether a thermal camera could detect intestinal inflammation in 43 children with Crohn disease. The camera measures heat patterns on the belly, which may reflect underlying inflammation. Researchers compared these readings to standard stool tests and symptom sc…

This study tested whether a quick MRI without contrast injection can spot signs of Crohn's disease as well as the standard MRI with contrast. 250 patients were scanned using both methods, and radiologists compared the results. If the injection-free approach works, it could make f…

This study looked at four substances in the blood (Osteoprotegerin, sRANKL, NFkB, and TFF3) to see if they could help diagnose inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Researchers measured these markers in 70 newly diagnosed patient…

This study tested whether curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, can prevent Crohn's disease from coming back after surgery. 61 adults who had recent surgery for Crohn's were given either curcumin or a placebo, along with standard thiopurine drugs, for 6 months. The goal wa…

This study tested whether a diet that avoids certain inflammatory foods could lower the risk of developing Crohn's disease in healthy people who have a close relative with the condition. Twenty-nine participants followed the 'Tasty & Healthy' diet for 8 weeks. The main goal was t…

This early study tested whether giving people with Crohn's disease a fecal transplant (FMT) after surgery could help prevent the disease from coming back. 23 adults who had surgery for Crohn's received FMT either by capsules or colonoscopy. The goal was to see if the capsules cou…

This study tested whether combining a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) with the drug bezlotoxumab could prevent repeat Clostridium difficile infections in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sixty-one adults with at least two prior C. diff infections were randomly assi…

This study tested a 21-step enhanced recovery protocol for children aged 10-18 undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery. The protocol included things like shorter fasting times, early eating and moving, and less use of opioids. The goal was to see if it could shorten hospital…

This study looked at whether placing a bridge device during loop ileostomy creation reduces complications like infections or stoma problems. 166 adults having elective colorectal surgery took part. The goal was to see if the device improves outcomes or just adds difficulty to car…

This study tests whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can reduce anxiety and depression in people with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). Participants receive either psychologist-led or self-administered CBT over 8 weeks. The goal is to see …

This study tested a 12-week online mind-body program for adults with chronic conditions like heart failure, cancer, and liver disease. The program included mindful movement, meditation, breathwork, and coping skills. Researchers measured changes in anxiety, depression, fatigue, a…

This study tested whether nurse coaching could help people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) better manage their symptoms, improve self-care, and enhance quality of life. Forty adults with IBD in remission participated. Researchers measured changes in symptom burden, self-car…

This study involved 324 adults with conditions like Crohn's disease, arthritis, or psoriasis who switched from a standard to a higher-concentration form of adalimumab (AVT-02). Researchers measured injection site pain and how well patients stuck with their treatment over 180 days…

This study tested a comprehensive self-management program for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The program included eight sessions covering topics like symptom tracking, relaxation, diet, and pain management. Research…

This completed trial tested whether four free self-help resources—a symptom-tracking app, a cognitive behavioral therapy workbook, a helpline, and a peer mentor—can reduce disability in people with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Over 800 adults particip…

This study looked at whether a tailored physical activity program could improve bone density in 15 children and teens with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Kids with IBD often have weaker bones due to inflammation, medication, and lower activity levels. The program focused on mo…

This study tested whether a liquid diet called Neocate Splash could change gut bacteria and ease stomach symptoms in people with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Three participants followed the diet for up to 4 weeks, with hospital stays a…

This small study tested whether an AI-powered virtual reality app could safely provide mental health support to 22 adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who also had mild anxiety or depression. The goal was to see if the digital session was practical and acceptable, not to…

This study tested whether a low-calorie, plant-based diet that mimics fasting could reduce depressive symptoms in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 42 adults with mild-to-moderate depression and IBD followed either the fasting-mimicking diet or a calorie-sufficient pl…

This study looked at how a protein called IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) affects gut healing in people with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Researchers compared samples from 52 patients and healthy volunteers to understand how IL-22BP is regulated during disease flares. T…

This study investigates whether analyzing bowel sounds with a computer can help measure disease activity in children with Crohn's disease. Researchers will record bowel sounds and compare them to a standard disease activity score. The goal is to find a noninvasive, painless way t…

This study analyzed data from 500 Crohn's disease patients to create a tool that uses routine blood tests to predict the risk of needing intestinal surgery. The goal is to help doctors move from reacting to problems to preventing them. The model is still in early development and …

This completed study looked at over 107,000 patients in Germany to understand the long-term side effects of systemic steroids (corticosteroids) used for conditions like asthma, COPD, and arthritis. Researchers compared patients who took steroids with those who did not, tracking r…

This study looked at how a soy-based diet or a similar diet without soy changes gut bacteria in people with Crohn's disease (in remission or active) and healthy volunteers. Researchers measured inflammation markers and tracked whether symptoms stayed stable over one week. The goa…

This study measured how often adults with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) show signs of eating disorders, including avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). Researchers used questionnaires to assess eating habits and nutritional status…

This study looked at 343 adults who were diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) before age 17. Researchers compared their employment rates and education levels to the general population to understand how the disease may affect long-term …

This completed study looked at 63 Crohn's disease patients who had an anal fistula treated with anti-TNF drugs and a seton drain. Researchers tracked how long the fistula stayed closed and what factors might cause it to come back. The goal is to better understand long-term outcom…

This study looked at antibodies in the intestines of 160 people: 80 with Crohn's disease, 40 with ulcerative colitis, and 40 without inflammatory bowel disease. Researchers took blood samples and intestinal biopsies to compare antibody levels in the gut versus the blood. The goal…

This study looked at 366 adults referred for suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The goal was to find simple, non-invasive markers that can help doctors diagnose IBD more accurately and predict how the disease will progres…

This study observed 165 people with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's or ulcerative colitis) in Poland who were already taking or starting vedolizumab. Researchers tracked whether patients chose intravenous or subcutaneous (under-the-skin) injections, and how long they stayed o…

This study tracked 646 people with complex fistulas (abnormal tunnels) caused by Crohn's disease or other conditions. Researchers observed the standard surgical treatments patients received at their clinics and recorded outcomes like fistula closure and complications. The goal is…

This completed Italian study looked at how often children with inactive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) also have disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs), like irritable bowel syndrome. Researchers used the Rome IV questionnaire to compare 220 children with quiescent IBD to h…

This study measured calprotectin, a protein in stool that signals gut inflammation, in 121 healthy adults aged 22 and older. Participants collected a single stool sample at home and mailed it in. The goal is to establish what level is normal, helping doctors better tell apart inf…

This study reviewed medical records of 966 children diagnosed with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis between 1988 and 2011. Researchers looked at how often children needed surgery and how treatments like immunosuppressants and anti-TNF drugs were used over time. The goal was …

This completed study looked at 300 Crohn's disease patients to see if CT scan images could predict who would need surgery within a year of diagnosis. Researchers built a computer model using 'radiomics' to analyze the scans. The goal is to help doctors start stronger treatments e…

This completed study from China looked at 50 adults with Crohn's disease who were treated with two newer biologic drugs, Ustekinumab and Vedolizumab. The goal was to see how well these drugs control the disease and what factors might predict a good response. By analyzing past med…

This completed observational study looked at 669 Crohn's disease patients to see if finding hidden anal fistulas early with MRI leads to better long-term health. Researchers compared patients who had no symptoms but were found to have fistulas on MRI to those who had symptoms. Th…

This study looked at physical fitness in 100 children and teens (ages 10-17) with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or unclassified colitis) and compared them to healthy kids of the same age, weight, and sex. Researchers measured cardiorespi…

This study looked at how much of the drug risankizumab (Skyrizi) passes into the breast milk of women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ten breastfeeding mothers who were already taking the drug provided milk samples over several weeks. The goal is to understand potential ex…

This study looked at 120 adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to see if simple stool tests can tell if the disease is active or in remission, just like a colonoscopy does. Colonoscopy is the current gold standard but is expensive, invasive, and not ideal for frequent chec…

This study looked at how hormonal birth control might help manage inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms that get worse during a woman's period. Researchers surveyed 50 women with IBD to understand their preferences for birth control and whether they would join a future trial.…

This small, early-stage study tested whether a new drug called AZD7798 changes how a special imaging tracer binds to the gut in people with Crohn's disease. Nine adults with active Crohn's disease involving the small intestine received multiple doses of AZD7798 and underwent PET …

This study aims to create a tool that helps nurses better assess and care for the sexual health needs of men with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The research involved 792 participants, including men with IBD and their partners, as well as healthcare professionals. The goal is …

This study analyzed data from over 8,700 pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's or ulcerative colitis) to see how well doctors follow guidelines when prescribing antiTNFα drugs and whether the benefits outweigh the risks for both mother and baby. Researchers look…

This study looked at 211 adults with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to see which colonoscopy method finds precancerous growths better: high-definition white light or dye spraying. Participants had IBD for at least eight years. The goal was to improve cancer screen…

This study looked at 139 children having a colonoscopy to see how often the CMV virus is found in their gut tissue and blood. Some children had inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's or colitis) and some did not. The goal was to learn which tests best detect CMV in the gut, helping …

This completed study looked at whether certain gene variations (BAFF) are linked to the risk and features of Crohn's disease. Researchers compared 824 people with and without the disease. The goal was to better understand the genetic factors involved, which could guide future res…

This study observed 92 adults with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis who were receiving vedolizumab either as an intravenous infusion or a subcutaneous injection. Researchers tracked treatment patterns, such as whether patients stayed on their current form or switched, over 1…

This study looked at how inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects oral health and daily life. Researchers compared 138 adults with IBD to people without IBD, using a questionnaire to measure oral health-related quality of life. The goal was to understand which factors, like medic…

This study looked at teeth from 14 adults living in areas with high or low rates of Crohn's disease. Researchers measured metals and other environmental chemicals in the teeth to see if differences might help explain why some areas have more Crohn's disease. The goal was to gathe…

This study looked at 40 children aged 6 to 17 with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's or ulcerative colitis) to understand how DNA that escapes from cells might make inflammation worse. Researchers analyzed blood, stool, and gut tissue samples to see if a specific pathway (cGAS-…

This study looked at gut bacteria in 214 people: children and older adults recently diagnosed with Crohn's disease, plus healthy controls. Researchers compared the bacteria and genetic profiles to see if age-related differences could explain why Crohn's starts at different life s…

This study looked at 818 people with Crohn's disease to see if variations in the TNFSF4 gene are linked to the disease and how well patients respond to the drug ustekinumab. Researchers analyzed blood samples to find genetic patterns. The goal is to better understand why some pat…

This completed study looked at whether differences in the IL-7 receptor gene are linked to the risk of developing Crohn's disease and how well patients respond to the drug infliximab. Researchers analyzed genetic samples from 303 Crohn's patients and 514 healthy people. The goal …

This study looked at 59 adults with Crohn's disease who had surgery to remove diseased parts of their intestine. The goal was to see if certain immune cells in the blood and gut could predict whether the disease would come back within a year. By understanding these patterns, doct…

This study looked at tiny, lab-grown versions of the intestine called organoids, made from tissue samples of people with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's or ulcerative colitis), a genetic polyp condition (FAP), and healthy volunteers. The goal was to understand how intestinal …

This study tested how well the flu vaccine works and if it's safe for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Researchers compared 228 adults with IBD who were either taking immunosuppressive drugs or not. The goal was to see if the vaccine triggers a strong immune response…

This early-stage study tested the safety of AGMB-129, a potential drug for fibrostenotic Crohn's disease, in 30 healthy adults. Participants received multiple doses of the drug or a placebo to see how well it was tolerated and how the body processes it. The goal was to find safe …

This study collected blood, saliva, stool, urine, and skin samples from 19 people with unknown or poorly understood immune system problems. The goal was to learn how different parts of the immune system work together. No treatments or drugs were tested. Participants were followed…

This study looked at 11 adults with Crohn's disease who had surgery to remove damaged parts of their intestine. Researchers compared two surgical methods—Kono-S and standard side-to-side—to see how each affected the gut's bacteria and immune cells. The goal was to gather clues ab…

This completed observational study followed 72 adults with moderate to severe Crohn's disease who were starting vedolizumab treatment. The goal was to see if the drug could lead to complete remission—meaning no symptoms, normal inflammation markers, and healed bowel walls—after 1…

This completed study examined gut bacteria in 15 people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or Parkinson's disease, comparing them to healthy individuals. Researchers analyzed stool and blood samples to see if bacteria from the gut move into the bloodstream. The goal was to und…

This study looked at whether certain proteins in the blood can predict if the drug vedolizumab (Entyvio) will reduce inflammation in the small bowel of people with Crohn's disease. Researchers used MRI scans to measure changes in the bowel wall after treatment. The goal is to hel…

This study takes small tissue samples from people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and healthy volunteers to grow 'mini guts' (organoids) in the lab. Researchers will then expose these organoids to radiation to mimic radiation enteritis and test potential treatments. The goa…

This study looked at 150 adults with Crohn's disease who had narrowings in the small intestine (strictures) but no symptoms. Researchers reviewed medical records to see how often these silent strictures later caused problems like belly pain, nausea, or vomiting. The goal is to he…

This study looked back at 52 Crohn's disease patients with anal fistulas who were treated with biotherapy (infliximab, adalimumab, ustekinumab, or vedolizumab). Researchers compared their MRI scans at the start of treatment and during follow-up to see how the fistulas changed ove…