Could a simple swab replace a biopsy for fertility microbiome tests?

This study looked at whether less invasive methods, like a vaginal swab or collecting fluid from the womb, can give the same information as a standard biopsy when analyzing the microbiome (the community of bacteria) in the reproductive tract. Fifty-seven women aged 18-50 provided samples using all three methods at two different times, 1-3 months apart. The goal was to see if the gentler techniques are reliable and safe for future use in fertility and reproductive health research.