Bubble ultrasound could spot type 1 diabetes before it strikes

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

All Participants: Inclusion Criteria: * Male or non-pregnant female age 18-65 * Ability and willingness of patient to participate fully in all aspects of this clinical study * Written informed consent obtained and documented Exclusion Criteria: * Excessive body size preventing effective scan of the pancreas as determined by sonographer * Evidence of exocrine pancreatic disease, including pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, or neuroendocrine tumor. * Subjects who are pregnant or breast-feeding * Subjects incapable of giving assent/informed written consent * Known or suspected hypersensitivity to perflutren * Known history or suspected unstable cardiopulmonary conditions (acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary artery syndromes, worsening or unstable congestive heart failure, or serious ventricular arrhythmias) Group 2 (control subjects, part II): Inclusion criteria: No additional inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria: * Diagnosis of diabetes according to the ADA recommended criteria (blood glucose and HbA1c will be measured) * Use of medications used to control high blood sugar (GLP1R agonists, metformin\*, sulfonylureas) * \*Participants taking metformin will be considered eligible if they are willing/able to stop taking the medication for at least two weeks prior to each scan. * Any person who has received immunomodulatory intervention within 3 months of enrollment Group 3 (T1D subjects, part II) Inclusion criteria: * Diagnosis of diabetes according to the ADA recommended criteria (blood glucose and HbA1c will be measured) * Evidence of autoantibodies to at least 1 of the following β-cell autoantigens: insulin, IA-2, GAD65, ZnT8 * Presence of insulin autoantibody will only be valid if taken within the first 14 days of diagnosis. * Diagnosis of diabetes within 180 days prior to participation in the study Exclusion criteria: * Use of medications used to control high blood sugar (GLP1R agonists, metformin\*, sulfonylureas) * \*Participants taking metformin will be considered eligible if they are willing/able to stop taking the medication for at least two weeks prior to each scan. * Any person who has received immunomodulatory intervention within 3 months of enrollment