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Vape study tests nicotine salts vs. Free-Base: which hits harder?

NCT ID NCT04231539

Knowledge-focused Sponsor: Roswell Park Cancer Institute Source: ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

What the study statuses mean

This study's is highlighted.

Recruitment status, easiest to join first

Recruiting now
This trial is taking on new participants right now.
Not yet recruiting
Registered, but not yet taking participants.
By invitation only
Not open to general applications. Only people the study team invites can take part.
Paused
Paused for now. It may or may not start again.
Ongoing
Running, but no longer taking on new participants.
Completed This study
The trial has finished. Results may not be published yet.
Stopped early
Stopped early, before it reached the end. That can be for many reasons, including safety.
Cancelled
Cancelled before anyone took part.

Expanded access (not trials)

Expanded access
Not a trial. This treatment can be requested outside a study, case by case, for people who qualify.
Expanded access (paused)
Not a trial. The treatment can normally be requested outside a study, but is unavailable right now.
Expanded access (ended)
Not a trial. The treatment could once be requested outside a study, but no longer can.
Approved
The treatment has been approved, so it is available normally rather than through this programme.

When the status isn't known

Details not published
The full record has not been published yet, so there is little to show here.
Status unknown
This status has not been confirmed recently, so it may be out of date.

First seen Jun 24, 2026 · Last updated Jun 27, 2026 · Updated 1 time

Summary

This completed study looked at how nicotine salt-based vaping products compare to free-base nicotine e-liquids. Fifteen daily vapers tried different flavors and nicotine levels, and researchers measured nicotine levels in their blood and asked about harshness and satisfaction. The goal was to understand the abuse potential of these products.

What this could mean

Our plain-language read of the trial. This is informational only, not medical advice or a prediction.

Active substance
Nicotine (salt-based and free-base e-liquids)
What this could lead to
If successful, this could help regulators understand how different nicotine formulations affect addiction potential and user experience.
What could go wrong
This is a small, early-stage study with only 15 participants, so results may not apply to all vapers. It measures short-term effects, not long-term health outcomes.

This is an AI summary of the original study and may miss details. Read our disclaimer.

Study facts

What this study's own registry entry says, in plain language.

Phase

Not a phased trial

Phase numbers describe drug development. The registry uses this when they do not apply, as it does for trials of devices, procedures or behaviour changes, and for observational studies.

Participants

15 people

The number who actually took part.

Started

Feb 2020

Finished

Jul 2024

Lead sponsor

Other sponsor

The registry's catch-all category, for sponsors it does not file as a company, a government agency, or a research network.

Who can take part

This study's own entry requirements. Only the study team can say for certain whether you qualify.

Ages

21 to 55 years

Sex

Anyone

Healthy volunteers

Accepted

You do not need to have the condition being studied to take part.

Show the full entry requirements

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Willingness to abstain from using ENDS product for 8-10 hours (overnight abstinence) prior to study visits * Current daily ENDS user as determined by * Has used ENDS product every day for the past 6 months (by history) * Has used ENDS product or e-liquid containing nicotine (by history) * Participant or legal representative must understand the investigational nature of this study and sign and Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board approved written informed consent form prior to receiving any study related procedure Exclusion Criteria: * Smoked cigarettes in the past 7 days * Currently smokes \>= 5 cigarettes per month * Unstable medical conditions (such as unstable heart disease, uncontrolled hypertension, thyroid disease, diabetes, renal or liver impairment, or glaucoma) or psychiatric condition (such as current major depression, history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) or current regular use of psychiatric medications (such as major tranquilizers and antidepressants) * History of serious side effects from nicotine or from any nicotine replacement therapies * Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements * Pregnant or nursing females * Concurrent participation in another clinical trial * Unwilling or unable to follow protocol requirements * Any condition which in the investigator's opinion deems the participant an unsuitable candidate

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Conditions

The condition(s) this trial relates to.

nicotine dependence

As listed by the trial registrant

The condition terms exactly as the trial's registrant entered them.

Nicotine dependence

Contacts and locations

Locations

  • Roswell Park Cancer Institute

    Buffalo, New York, 14263, United States

More trials for these conditions

Other studies related to the condition(s) this trial covers.