Exercise as medicine: can a tailored workout program reduce hospital visits for heart failure patients?

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 18 years or older. * Diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) according to current clinical guidelines, defined by: a) signs and/or symptoms of heart failure; b) left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%; c) elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (≥220 pg/mL); and, d) objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities consistent with HFpEF. * High-risk clinical profile, defined by at least one of the following: a) hospitalization for acute or worsening heart failure within the previous 120 days; b) outpatient worsening heart failure within the previous 120 days requiring emergency department evaluation or intensification of oral or intravenous diuretic therapy in a specialized heart failure clinic; c) recent diagnosis of symptomatic HFpEF (≤120 days) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II-III; or d) stable symptomatic HFpEF (NYHA class II-III) with at least two of the following comorbidities: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m²), chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, or stable coronary artery disease, together with elevated NT-proBNP (≥220 pg/mL in patients in sinus rhythm or ≥600 pg/mL in patients with atrial fibrillation). * Clinically stable at the time of enrollment, with no requirement for intravenous therapy or major changes in heart failure treatment during the previous 2 weeks. * Considered by the investigator to be able to participate in a structured exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program safely. * Able and willing to provide written informed consent before any study-specific procedures. Exclusion Criteria: * Inability to safely participate in a structured exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program because of severe neurological or musculoskeletal disorders, significant cognitive impairment, or severe psychiatric illness that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with study participation. * Clinically unstable heart failure at the time of enrollment, defined by the need for intravenous therapy, recent major changes in heart failure treatment, or ongoing heart failure decompensation. * Severe valvular heart disease considered to be the primary cause of the patient's symptoms. * Acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, or coronary revascularization within the previous 2 weeks. * Uncontrolled hypertension, defined as resting systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mmHg, or resting heart rate ≥110 beats/min despite guideline-directed medical therapy. * Severe primary pulmonary disease predominantly limiting functional capacity, including significant pulmonary hypertension, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. * Primary cardiomyopathy or known infiltrative heart disease. * Severe non-cardiac comorbidity associated with an estimated life expectancy of less than 1 year, in the opinion of the investigator. * Inability to provide written informed consent or to comply with study procedures and follow-up requirements.