Cancer vaccine plus immunotherapy shows promise in Hard-to-Treat cancers

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of =\< 2 at the time of study treatment initiation * Have pathologically confirmed diagnosis of NSCLC (Phase I, Phase II Studies A, C and D, E and Expansion Cohort) or squamous cell head and neck cancer (Phase II Study B) * Must be eligible for treatment with nivolumab as standard of care (for nivolumab treatment groups only) * Phase II Study A and Expansion Cohort AE: Patients with advanced (metastatic) NSCLC, whose disease progressed during or after platinum based therapy * Phase II Study B: Patients with advanced recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma * Phase II Study C: Patients with unresectable NSCLC with PD-L1 expression \>= 50% for first line therapy in advanced stage. In the rare event that there is a discrepancy in the results of PD-L1 testing (i.e. 2 or more specimens were tested, etc.), eligibility status will be per the discretion of the principal investigator (PI) after review of other available biomarker testing * Phase II Study D: Patients with advanced squamous NSCLC with PD-L1 expression \<50% with PR/CR or stable disease by RECIST after at least 4 cycles of induction chemoimmunotherapy with platinum-based combination with pembrolizumab, prior to initiation of maintenance pembrolizumab * Phase II Study E: Patients with advanced NON-Squamous NSCLC (without EGFR/ALK/ROS-1/KRAS mutations) with PD-L1 expression \<50% with PR/CR or stable disease by RECIST after at least 4 cycles of induction chemoimmunotherapy with platinum-based combination with pembrolizumab, prior to initiation of maintenance pembrolizumab * NSCLC patients in study A and expansion cohort AE with EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations (determined through either tissue- or liquid biopsy-based platform) should have disease progression on Food and Drug administration (FDA)-approved therapy for these aberrations prior to receiving nivolumabanti-PD1 therapy; patients with smoking history being considered for Study C may enroll and be treated pending results of molecular testing * Have at least 6 month life expectancy * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1.5 x 10\^9/L * Platelets \>= 100 x 10\^9/L * Hemoglobin \>= 9 g/dL * Serum /plasma creatinine =\< 1.5 x institution upper limit of normal (ULN) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (measured or calculated with Cockcroft and Gault formula) \> 45 ml/min * Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) =\< 3 x ULN (ALT and AST =\< 5 x ULN is acceptable if liver metastases are present) * Total serum bilirubin =\< 1.5 x ULN; for patients with well documented Gilbert's syndrome, total bilirubin =\< 3 x ULN with direct bilirubin within normal range * Troponin-I =\< ULN and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) \< 200 pg/ml * Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \>= lower limit of normal (LLN) (institutional limit) * Patients enrolled onto Phase I dose escalation or Expansion Cohort (AE) must have presence of evaluable disease; patients enrolled onto Phase II studies A, B or C must have measurable disease as defined in RECIST 1.1. Patients enrolled onto Phase II D or E must have measurable disease as defined in RECIST 1.1 prior to induction chemmoimmunotherapy. * Participants of child-bearing potential must agree to use adequate contraceptive methods (e.g., hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry; should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately * Participant or legal representative must understand the investigational nature of this study and sign an Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board approved written informed consent form prior to receiving any study related procedure * Phase II studies: Participant agrees to provide tumor biopsy tissue before treatment, blood samples at the start of treatment and at multiple times during the study and, a tumor biopsy at the end of the trial or after disease progression; archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is permitted for Expansion Cohort AE and Cohort D or E (i.e.; fresh biopsy is NOT mandatory). Archival FFPE tissue is also permitted for Study C patients provided that tissue is adequate and no systemic anti-cancer therapy had been administered between the time specimen was obtained and start of protocol therapy Exclusion Criteria: * Receipt of anticancer chemotherapy within 4 weeks before the first administration of study drug * Previous anti-PD1 or PD-L1 immunotherapy is not allowed;(exceptions: cohort D, E and expansion cohort). Treatment with other investigational agents within 6 half-lives of first administration of study drug is not allowed * Prior radiotherapy or gamma knife within 2 weeks of study treatment for non-brain metastasis; subjects must have recovered from all radiation related toxicities * Active/untreated brain metastasis; whole brain radiation or gamma knife radiosurgery performed less than 4 weeks prior to first administration of study drug; previously treated brain metastasis allowed as long as not requiring steroids and stable on imaging at least 4 weeks after completing radiation therapy * Leptomeningeal involvement regardless of treatment status * Tumor with mutation that is known to be sensitive to FDA approved targeted therapy but has not yet received such targeted therapy * Have an active autoimmune disease that required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e., with use of disease-modifying antirheumatic agents or immunosuppressive drugs) Note: Replacement therapy (e.g. thyroxine, insulin as replacement therapy for thyroid, diabetes) is permitted.systemic use of immunosuppressant drugs such as steroids (except as hormone replacement therapy or short-course supportive medication such as chemotherapy or drug allergy, etc.), azathioprine, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, etc. within 4 weeks before recruitment * Currently receiving or has received systemic corticosteroids within 4 weeks prior to starting study drug for management of brain metastases, or who have not fully recovered from side effects of such treatment; steroids for endocrine replacement or receipt of short-course of steroids during the preceding 4 week period as supportive medication such as for drug allergy, anti-emetic, etc. is allowed * Had major surgery within 14 days prior to starting study drug or has not recovered from major side effects (tumor biopsy is not considered major surgery) resulting from a prior surgery * Has known immunosuppressive disease (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus \[HIV\], acquired immune deficiency syndrome \[AIDS\] or other immune depressing disease); testing is not mandatory * Active, clinically serious infections or other serious uncontrolled medical conditions * Patient has known hypersensitivity to the components of the study drugs or any analogs * History or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the study, interfere with the patient?s participation for the full duration of the study, or is not in the best interest of the patient to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator, including, but not limited to: * Myocardial infarction or arterial thromboembolic events within 6 months prior to baseline or severe or unstable angina, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV disease * History of documented congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional classification III or IV) within 6 months prior to baseline * Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure \[SBP\] \> 160/diastolic blood pressure \[DBP\] \> 100 despite medical intervention) * History of myocarditis of any etiology * History of ventricular arrhythmias * Phase II only: Patients diagnosed with an invasive cancer within 2 years prior to starting protocol therapy with the following exceptions: non-melanoma skin cancers, in-situ cancers, and prostate cancer gleason =\< to 6 (under surveillance or treated), early stage node-negative estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)+ breast cancer with Oncotype Dx score \< 25 not taking adjuvant hormonal therapy * Pregnant or nursing female participants * Any condition which in the investigator?s opinion deems the participant an unsuitable candidate to receive study drug * Unwilling or unable to follow protocol requirements