A breath sniff could one day screen for lung cancer and more

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: Age ≥18 years. Able to provide informed consent and willing to sign written informed consent. Able to understand and follow standardized breathing instructions and safely complete seated exhaled-breath sampling. Breath sampling is considered by the study physician not to delay or interfere with necessary routine clinical care or health examination. Routine reference screening results are available for at least one prespecified disease module, or sufficient clinical information is available to determine the corresponding reference status. Willing to permit authorized study personnel to review relevant medical records and follow-up information within the scope of ethical approval. Exclusion Criteria: Refusal to participate, inability to provide valid informed consent, or inability to reliably comply with study procedures. Acute respiratory distress, active massive hemoptysis, untreated pneumothorax, significant impairment of consciousness, or any condition for which forced exhalation is considered unsafe by the study physician. Requirement for strict airborne isolation when the study site or equipment cannot meet applicable infection-control requirements. Recent major surgery, invasive procedure, or other clinical intervention for which the treating physician considers breath sampling should be postponed. Vomiting, severe nausea, intense coughing, or other conditions before sampling that substantially increase the risk of aspiration, syncope, or related adverse events. Acute oral or nasopharyngeal conditions, or recent food intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, vigorous exercise, or other factors that prevent standardized breath sampling; such participants may be rescheduled rather than permanently excluded. Key reference-standard information is unavailable and is not expected to be obtained through routine follow-up. Any other condition considered by the investigator to make participation inappropriate.