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Brain's own opioids may power placebo effect for heartbreak and pain

NCT ID NCT04650841

What the study statuses mean

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Recruitment status, easiest to join first

Recruiting now
This trial is taking on new participants right now.
Not yet recruiting This study
Registered, but not yet taking participants.
By invitation only
Not open to general applications. Only people the study team invites can take part.
Paused
Paused for now. It may or may not start again.
Ongoing
Running, but no longer taking on new participants.
Completed
The trial has finished. Results may not be published yet.
Stopped early
Stopped early, before it reached the end. That can be for many reasons, including safety.
Cancelled
Cancelled before anyone took part.

Expanded access (not trials)

Expanded access
Not a trial. This treatment can be requested outside a study, case by case, for people who qualify.
Expanded access (paused)
Not a trial. The treatment can normally be requested outside a study, but is unavailable right now.
Expanded access (ended)
Not a trial. The treatment could once be requested outside a study, but no longer can.
Approved
The treatment has been approved, so it is available normally rather than through this programme.

When the status isn't known

Details not published
The full record has not been published yet, so there is little to show here.
Status unknown
This status has not been confirmed recently, so it may be out of date.

First seen Jun 25, 2026 · Last updated Jun 27, 2026 · Updated 1 time

Summary

This early-phase study investigates whether the opioid system is involved in placebo effects on both physical pain and the pain of social rejection. Sixty adults who recently experienced an unwanted breakup will receive either naloxone (which blocks opioids) or saline, and be told it is either a pain-reducing spray or a placebo. During brain scans, they will be exposed to heat, pressure, and rejection-related stimuli to measure pain, emotions, and brain activity.

What this could mean

Our plain-language read of the trial. This is informational only, not medical advice or a prediction.

Active substance
naloxone nasal spray
What this could lead to
If successful, this could help explain how the brain's natural opioids contribute to placebo effects, potentially guiding future treatments for pain and social distress.
What could go wrong
This is a very early, small study (60 people) focused on understanding mechanisms, not testing a treatment. Results may not apply to broader populations or lead directly to therapies.

This is an AI summary of the original study and may miss details. Read our disclaimer.

Study facts

What this study's own registry entry says, in plain language.

Phase

Early phase 1

The earliest testing in people: a first look at safety, in a very small group.

Participants

About 60 people

The number the study aims to enrol. It can still change while the study runs.

Expected to start

Sep 2026

An estimate. Start dates often move.

Expected to finish

Mar 2027

An estimate. End dates often move.

Lead sponsor

Other sponsor

The registry's catch-all category, for sponsors it does not file as a company, a government agency, or a research network.

Who can take part

This study's own entry requirements. Only the study team can say for certain whether you qualify.

Ages

18 to 55 years

Sex

Anyone

Healthy volunteers

Accepted

You do not need to have the condition being studied to take part.

Show the full entry requirements

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 18-55 years * No current psychiatric or major neurological diagnosis * No reported substance abuse within the last six months * Are capable of performing experimental tasks (e.g., are able to read, able to cooperate with fMRI examination) * Are fluent or native speakers of English * No current or recent history of pathological pain or reported neurological disorders. * Having abstained from alcohol and substance use for 48 hours * Passed fMRI safety screener * Experienced a recent unwanted breakup of a romantic relationship Exclusion Criteria: * Current presence of pain * Current or past history of primary psychiatric disorder * Current or past history of psychoactive substance abuse or dependence * Dementias * Movement disorders except familial tremor * CNS infection * CNS vasculitis, inflammatory disease or autoimmune disease * CNS demyelinating disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis) * Space occupying lesions (mass lesions, tumors) * Congenital CNS abnormality (e.g. cerebral palsy) * Seizure disorder * History of closed head trauma with loss of consciousness * History of cerebrovascular disease (stroke, TIAs) * Abnormal MRI (except changes accounted for by technical factors or UBOs) * Neuroendocrine disorder (e.g., Cushings disease) * Uncorrected hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism * Current or past history of cancer; Recent history (within two years) of myocardial infarction, severe cardiovascular disease, or currently active cardiovascular disease (e.g. angina, cardiomyopathy) * Uncontrolled hypertension or hypotension * Chronic pain syndromes * Chronic fatigue syndromes * Subjects unable to tolerate the scanning procedures (e.g., claustrophobia) * Prior treatment within the last month with any of the following: antidepressants, mood stabilizers, glucocorticoids, opiates * Prior treatment with any of the following: antipsychotics, isoniazid, centrally active antihypertensive drugs (e.g. clonidine, reserpine) * Metal in body or prior history working with metal fragments (e.g., as a machinist) * For women, pregnancy * Any other contraindications for MRI examination (e.g., metallic implants such as pacemakers, surgical aneurysm clips, or known metal fragments embedded in the body) * Claustrophobia

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Conditions

The condition(s) this trial relates to.

Pain Rejection, Psychology transplant rejection

As listed by the trial registrant

The condition terms exactly as the trial's registrant entered them.

How to take part

Only the study team decides who joins. These are the ways to reach them.

  1. The places running it

    1 site. The list below names each one and where it is.

  2. The official record

    ClinicalTrials.gov lists the study team's own contact details, including names and phone numbers. We don't republish those.

    Open the record ↗

  3. A doctor treating you

    A doctor who knows your case can contact a study site on your behalf, and can tell you whether this study is worth pursuing at all.

Contacts and locations

Locations

  • Dartmouth College

    Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, United States

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