Hidden thoughts under anesthesia: brain scans reveal possible awareness during sedation

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy study subjects with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)-1 status * Right-handed * Body mass index (BMI) less than 30 * Participants will have the experience of playing tennis (or other racquet sport) at least 30 times in their lifetime * English speaking Exclusion Criteria: * Medical contraindication to MRI scanning; are unable to undergo MRI scanning because of possible pregnancy or currently breastfeeding * BMI greater than or equal to 30 * Metallic substances in the body * claustrophobia, anxiety, or cardiopulmonary disease; or have an intracranial structural abnormality on T1-weighted MRI scans * history of allergy to dexmedetomidine, ketamine, propofol, or any components of these medications, eggs or egg products, soybean or soybean products * neurological, cardiovascular, or pulmonary illness * significant head injury with loss of consciousness; learning disability or other developmental disorder * sleep apnea or any severe snoring history * gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or heartburn; pancreatitis or a history of pancreatitis, * sensory/motor loss sufficient to interfere with performance of the study * epilepsy/seizure disorder (including a history of seizures) or stroke (including a history of stroke). * history of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, other psychotic disorder, or any prior adverse psychiatric reaction to ketamine or similar drugs * Participants taking medications that, in the judgment of the investigators or attending anesthesiologist, may interact with the study drugs or increase the risk of participation will also be excluded * participants with hypertension or diabetes mellitus * tattoos in the head or neck region will be excluded from study; other tattoos are subject to determination by investigators based on their assessment regarding participant safety * recent food or liquid intake (within 8 hours) * history of drug use, have a positive drug screen, are unwilling to abstain from alcohol for 24 hours prior to dosing, or have a current history of nicotine use. * Potential participants who have participated in a clinical trial using an investigational drug or device within 30 days will be considered for enrollment after 30 days. * History of a difficult airway with a previous anesthetic