Smartwatches track dentist stress during root canals

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria for Primary Subjects (endodontics residents) : * Active enrollment in an accredited endodontics residency program during the data-collection period * Routine clinical involvement in primary root canal treatment and/or retreatment * Willingness to wear a wrist-worn heart rate monitoring device during clinical sessions * Willingness to complete the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) at baseline and at the conclusion of participation * Absence of medical or dermatologic conditions that would preclude safe or accurate wrist-worn heart rate monitoring Inclusion Criteria for secondary Subjects (Patients): * Scheduled to receive standard endodontic care with a participating endodontics resident during the study period * Willingness to allow the presence of a non-intervening observer * Willingness to allow collection of minimal, approved visit-level variables * Adult patients able to provide written informed consent * Minor patients (under 18 years of age) with parent or legally authorized representative permission * Assent obtained from minors as follows: * Verbal assent for minors aged 7-12 years * Written assent for minors aged 13-17 years * No formal assent required for children under 7 years of age (developmentally appropriate explanation provided when feasible) * Ability of patient or legally authorized representative to understand and communicate in English Exclusion Criteria for Primary Subjects (endodontics residents) : * Not engaged in clinical endodontic care during the study window * Known dermatologic, cardiovascular, neurologic, or other medical conditions that could interfere with safe or accurate heart rate monitoring * Unwilling or unable to provide informed consent or comply with study procedures Exclusion Criteria for secondary Subjects (Patients): * Decline consent, permission, or assent * Withdraw participation at any time * Prisoners or individuals under custodial supervision * Pregnant patients