Spinal vs. IV pain drugs: which works best for reflux surgery?

This study looks at three ways to manage pain during and after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (a surgery for acid reflux). About 63 adults will receive either a spinal injection of morphine, a spinal injection of fentanyl, or morphine through an IV. Researchers will measure total opioid use, pain scores, nausea, and recovery time to find the best approach.