Kidney nerve treatment studied for stubborn heart rhythm problem

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Informed Consent signed by the subject * ≥ 18 years of age * Recurrent, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation post repeat (≥2) pulmonary vein isolation * Documentation of atrial fibrillation ≥3 months after the last atrial fibrillation ablation procedure by a 12-lead ECG or on a rhythm strip of ≥30 seconds duration * Either an office systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg at the screening visit or antihypertensive drug therapy Exclusion Criteria: * Persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation post pulmonary vein isolation * Left ventricular ejection fraction \<40% * Severe aortic or mitral valve stenosis * Treatment with amiodaron within the last 3 months * Mandatory treatment with class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs * History of reflex syncope, syncope due to orthostatic hypotension or unclear syncope in the past 3 years. * History of orthostatic hypotension * Abnormal blood pressure fall during active standing, defined as a progressive and sustained fall in systolic blood pressure from baseline value ≥20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥10mmHg, or a decrease in systolic blood pressure to \<90 mmHg. * Prior renal denervation * Renal artery stent or prior renal angioplasty * Polycystic kidney disease, unilateral kidney, or history of renal transplant * Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 50mL/min, using the CKD-EPI creatinine equation (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology) * Female of childbearing potential (age \<50 years and last menstruation within the last 12 months), who did not undergo tubal ligation, ovariectomy or hysterectomy. * Life expectancy \<1 year * Enrolment in interventional studies if the other study does not allow enrolment or if primary endpoint might be affected by study participation. * Diabetes mellitus type I * Aortic grafts The following exclusion criteria will apply after the run-in phase of up to 3 months duration, prospectively in patients which receive a new ICM and retrospectively in patients which already have an ICM implanted: \- Episodes of atrial fibrillation on \<6 days in the 3 months run-in phase.