Gut health breakthrough? new study tests butyrate for Obesity-Related inflammation

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Signing of the informed consent form. * Adults aged ≥18 years of age. * Body mass index (BMI) \>30 kg/m². * Both sex Exclusion Criteria: * Diabetes mellitus, defined as fasting glucose \>126 mg/dL during screening. * Hypertension, defined as blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg during screening. * Chronic kidney disease or estimated glomerular filtration rate \<60 mL/min/1.73 m². * Known liver disease. * Secondary causes of obesity or diabetes, including Cushing syndrome, clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism, or pheochromocytoma. * Catabolic diseases such as cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Drug treatment: * Antihypertensive drugs or treatment (thiacycline, loop or potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, alpha blockers, calcium antagonists, beta blockers). * Treatment with hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, biguanides, incretins) or insulin and antidiabetic drugs. * Treatment with statins, fibrates or other drugs to control dyslipidemia. * Use of antibiotics in the three months prior to the study. * Use of steroid drugs, chemotherapy, immunosuppressants, or radiation therapy. * Anorexigenic or that accelerate weight loss such as sibutramine or orlistat. * Supplements with any of the functional foods used in the study. * Probiotic, prebiotic or symbiotic supplements. * Chronic proton pump inhibitor use or use within the last 2 weeks. * Chronic use of laxatives, antispasmodics, or medications affecting intestinal motility. * Current tobacco use. * Daily alcohol consumption \>1 drink/day during the last month. * Use of recreational psychoactive substances. * Pregnancy or lactation. * Bariatric surgery or participation in intensive weight loss programs. * Weight loss ≥3 kg in less than 3 months.