Could a simple blood or urine test replace prostate biopsies?

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Prostate cancer patients who had received primary diagnosis at Moffitt or outside the cancer center with available records (radiology, pathology, access to samples). * No-Surgery (Intermediate risk) group: patients diagnosed with pre-biopsy mpMRI, blood plasma: the biopsy must consist of a pathological diagnosis with a Gleason pattern score. * Surgery (High risk) group: patients who had radical prostatectomy (RP) with (or with-out) mpMR imaging, bio fluids available for research will be accrued for this group. We follow the NCCN recommendations for high-risk (Unfavorable intermediate risk or High-risk) groups inclusion and follow-up criteria (58, 89, 90). * ≥ 4 ng/ml and ≤ 20 ng/ml and PSA ≤ 10 ng/ml (for late disease), within 3 months of study enrollment. * Age 35 through 85 years. * Zubrod/ECOG performance status \<2; * Ability to understand and willingness to sign a written informed consent document. * Patients who agree to have a multiparametric MRI with targeted/template biopsy. * Patients must agree to fill out the longitudinal psychosocial questionnaires assessing health related quality of life. * Availability of Bio-samples (blood plasma, urine) for exosomal, proteomic, genomic and pathology (H\&E slides, IHC slides). * Quantity of bio-samples; Blood, Urine, tissue sections (including FFPE) for each region of interest. Exclusion Criteria: * Subject is not a candidate for multiparametric MRI with contrast. Some reasons may include (but are not limited to): renal insufficiency, foreign body or pacemakers. * No prior pelvic radiotherapy * No prior surgery to the prostate, other than transurethral procedures for benign prostatic hyperplasia (e.g., transurethral resection, green light laser treatment) * No concurrent, active malignancy, other than non-metastatic skin cancer of any type, superficial bladder cancer, or early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (well-differentiated small cell lymphocytic lymphoma) or \> Bilateral hip replacement.