Can a phone app replace pills for back pain?

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria * Adults aged 19 years or older. * Participants with low back pain lasting for at least 12 weeks. * Participants with average low back pain intensity of 4 or higher on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. * Participants who are able to undergo application-based treatment using a smartphone. * Participants who voluntarily decide to participate in the clinical trial and sign the informed consent form before the start of the trial. * Participants who, in the opinion of the principal investigator, are able to comply with the clinical investigation plan. Exclusion Criteria * History of previous spinal surgery. * History of spinal injection treatment within 1 month before screening. * History of spinal trauma within 3 months before screening. * Lower limb muscle strength of 3 or less on manual muscle testing, or lower limb radiating pain accompanied by motor dysfunction. * Grade 2 or higher spondylolisthesis on radiographic imaging. * Scoliosis, defined as Cobb angle of 25 degrees or greater with a clear structural cause based on the principal investigator's judgment, or kyphosis, defined as lumbar lordosis angle less than 0 degrees. * Red flag signs, such as paralysis symptoms including bladder or bowel dysfunction, or sudden unexplained weight loss. * Tumor, infection, metabolic bone disease, cognitive impairment, fibromyalgia, systemic inflammatory disease, or systemic inflammatory disorder. * Any other systemic or psychiatric condition that, in the opinion of the principal investigator, limits exercise therapy. * Current use of opioid analgesics with potency equal to or greater than morphine for any other disease or low back pain, such as oxycodone, fentanyl, or pethidine. Participants may participate after a 14-day washout period if applicable. * Pregnant participants, participants planning pregnancy during the clinical trial, or participants unable to maintain contraception during the clinical trial. * Current participation in another clinical trial or planned participation in another clinical trial during this study. * Inability to communicate, difficulty following instructions, or any other condition that, in the opinion of the principal investigator, makes the participant unsuitable for this clinical trial.