Could your own cells replace insulin shots? early trial aims to find out

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

I. Eligibility Criteria: 1. Age of 18-75 years (inclusive of 18 and 75) on the day of signing the informed consent form, without gender restriction; 2. Type 2 diabetes patients who meet the diagnostic criteria of the "Chinese Diabetes Prevention and Control Guidelines (2024 Edition)"; 3. Dependent on exogenous insulin therapy; 4. Compensatory failure or exhaustion of pancreatic function: ① Fasting serum C-peptide ≤ 1.0 ng/ml in the absence of hypoglycemia (blood glucose \> 3.9 mmol/l); ② The average difference ≤ 1.0 ng/ml in serum C-peptide levels at 2, 4, and 6 minutes after arginine stimulation (intravenous injection of 5g arginine) compared to baseline . 5. Ability to participate in intensive glucose management with good compliance; 6. Mentally stable and able to adhere to the clinical study protocol; 7. Possessing full civil capacity and the ability to independently complete a written informed consent form. II. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Inability to tolerate endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic puncture biopsy due to various reasons; 2. Inability to tolerate subcostal sheath injection due to various reasons; 3. Body mass index (BMI) \> 30 kg/m²; 4. Un-treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy; 5. History of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and tuberculosis, or presence of active bacterial, fungal, or viral infections (excluding mild localized skin infections); 6. Severe heart disease, meeting any of the following criteria: history of recent myocardial infarction (within the past 6 months), myocardial ischemia identified in myocardial function assessment within the past year, or left ventricular ejection fraction \<30%; 7. Blood pressure: systolic blood pressure \>160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure \>100 mmHg; 8. Liver function indicators: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are more than twice the upper limit of normal values; 9. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \< 60 ml/min/1.73m²; 10. History of invasive aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, or coccidioidomycosis within the past year; 11. Laboratory findings showing hemoglobin (Hb) below 90 g/L, or lymphopenia (0.5×10⁹/L), neutropenia (\<1.0×10⁹/L), or thrombocytopenia (\<75×10⁹/L); 12. Patients with any coagulation disorder or other disease requiring long-term anticoagulant therapy, or those with an International Normalized Ratio (INR) \> 1.5; 13. Female patients: positive pregnancy test, breastfeeding, or unwilling to use effective contraception during the study; male patients: planning to father a child during the study or unwilling to use effective contraception; 14. History of prior tumor (excluding completely resected squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous basal cell carcinoma); 15. History of smoking, alcohol abuse, or drug abuse; 16. Severe gastrointestinal dysfunction, gastrointestinal immune diseases, peptic ulcers, and other conditions that may interfere with oral drug absorption; 17. Have severe mental and psychological disorders; 18. Have participated in other clinical trials in the past 3 months; 19. History of receiving attenuated live vaccines within 2 months of registration; 20. Researchers believe that other reasons make the participant unsuitable for this clinical trial.