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Study reveals why immunotherapy works differently in liver, lung, and brain tumors

NCT ID NCT07631611

Knowledge-focused Sponsor: Wenlong Zhong, MD Source: ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

What the study statuses mean

This study's is highlighted.

Recruitment status, easiest to join first

Recruiting now
This trial is taking on new participants right now.
Not yet recruiting
Registered, but not yet taking participants.
By invitation only
Not open to general applications. Only people the study team invites can take part.
Paused
Paused for now. It may or may not start again.
Ongoing
Running, but no longer taking on new participants.
Completed This study
The trial has finished. Results may not be published yet.
Stopped early
Stopped early, before it reached the end. That can be for many reasons, including safety.
Cancelled
Cancelled before anyone took part.

Expanded access (not trials)

Expanded access
Not a trial. This treatment can be requested outside a study, case by case, for people who qualify.
Expanded access (paused)
Not a trial. The treatment can normally be requested outside a study, but is unavailable right now.
Expanded access (ended)
Not a trial. The treatment could once be requested outside a study, but no longer can.
Approved
The treatment has been approved, so it is available normally rather than through this programme.

When the status isn't known

Details not published
The full record has not been published yet, so there is little to show here.
Status unknown
This status has not been confirmed recently, so it may be out of date.

First seen Jun 24, 2026 · Last updated Jun 27, 2026 · Updated 1 time

Summary

This study looked at medical records of 938 adults with solid tumors who received immunotherapy. Researchers compared how well the treatment worked when cancer had spread to different organs like the liver, brain, lung, or bone. The goal is to understand why some metastatic sites respond better than others, which could help personalize cancer treatment in the future.

What this could mean

Our plain-language read of the trial. This is informational only, not medical advice or a prediction.

Active substance
immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICB therapy)
What this could lead to
If successful, this could help doctors choose better immunotherapy strategies based on where a patient's cancer has spread.
What could go wrong
This is a retrospective study that looks back at medical records, so it cannot prove cause and effect. Results may not apply to all patients or treatments.

This is an AI summary of the original study and may miss details. Read our disclaimer.

Study facts

What this study's own registry entry says, in plain language.

Participants

938 people

The number who actually took part.

Started

Jan 2016

Finished

May 2026

Lead sponsor

Other sponsor

The registry's catch-all category, for sponsors it does not file as a company, a government agency, or a research network.

Who can take part

This study's own entry requirements. Only the study team can say for certain whether you qualify.

Who is studied

This study includes adults with solid tumors who developed metastatic cancer in the brain, liver, lung, or bone. All participants received first-line or second-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICB) therapy and completed at least three treatment cycles with available imaging follow-up. The study population represents real-world patients treated at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, with complete clinical and survival data that allow evaluation of organ-specific treatment response and progression. Individuals with unclear metastatic sites, incomplete treatment information, or major data gaps were not included.

Ages

18 years and older

Sex

Anyone

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

This study is not open to healthy volunteers. The entry requirements below say who it is open to.

Show the full entry requirements

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years. * Pathologically confirmed solid tumor with a documented primary tumor site. * At least one metastatic site in the brain, liver, lung, or bone confirmed by imaging or pathology (single or multiple lesions allowed). * Received first-line or second-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICB) therapy, including PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 inhibitors, either alone or in combination. * Completed at least 3 cycles of ICB therapy. * At least one evaluable imaging follow-up after initiation of immunotherapy. * Available clinical and follow-up data, including treatment initiation date, response assessment, progression status, and survival status. * Meets institutional ethics requirements for retrospective studies. Exclusion Criteria: * Unclear or undocumented metastatic site, or lack of imaging/pathologic evidence supporting metastasis. * ICB treatment regimen cannot be clearly determined (e.g., unclear combination therapy components). * Missing more than 20% of key clinical variables or incomplete follow-up data (e.g., missing PFS or OS information). * Received fewer than 3 cycles of ICB therapy. * Major treatment interruption or poor treatment adherence. * Concurrent active malignancy that may interfere with outcome assessment. * Severe immune-related disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) or organ transplantation requiring long-term immunosuppression. * Participation in another interventional clinical trial that may affect treatment evaluation. * Data errors or logical inconsistencies that cannot be resolved after review.

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Conditions

The condition(s) this trial relates to.

brain cancer metastatic carcinoma in the bone metastatic malignant neoplasm metastatic malignant neoplasm in the brain neoplasm

As listed by the trial registrant

The condition terms exactly as the trial's registrant entered them.

Brain metastasis Immune checkpoint inhibitors Metastatic cancer to liver Metastatic cancer to the bone Metastatic cancer to the lung Metastatic cancers Solid tumors Tumor immune microenvironment

Contacts and locations

Locations

  • Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University

    Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

More trials for these conditions

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