High-Protein meal replacements tested for weight loss

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 25 to 60 years * Overweight or obesity * Ability to provide informed consent * Willingness to follow a calorie-restricted diet program * Willingness to comply with study procedures Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnancy or breastfeeding * Women of reproductive potential who are not using reliable contraception during the study * Severe or uncontrolled cardiovascular disease, including recent myocardial infarction or stroke within the past 6 months, unstable angina, or heart failure * Uncontrolled arterial hypertension at screening * Severe renal impairment * Severe hepatic dysfunction * Diabetes requiring insulin therapy or uncontrolled diabetes * Active oncological disease or cancer treatment within the past 12 months * Acute or chronic inflammatory disease in the acute stage * History of gastrointestinal or bariatric surgery affecting absorption or body weight within the past 12 months * Severe pulmonary disease in the stage of decompensation Allergy or intolerance to components of the study products, including milk proteins or lactose-containing products Current use of medications or dietary supplements that significantly affect body weight, if discontinuation before study start is not possible Participation in another interventional clinical study within the past 3 months Inability to provide informed consent or comply with the study protocol Significant body weight change, defined as more than 5% gain or loss, within the past 3 months before screening Severe psychiatric disorders or eating disorders that may interfere with participation Active alcohol or substance dependence Chronic use of systemic glucocorticoids or other medications affecting body weight, if discontinuation is not appropriate Planned pregnancy during the study period Uncontrolled thyroid disease Acute infection or febrile illness at screening Clinically significant abnormal laboratory findings at screening that, in the investigator's opinion, make participation unsafe