Engineered immune cells take on liver cancer in early trial

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * 1\. The study participant has fully understood the potential risks and benefits of participating in this study and has signed the informed consent form. * 2\. Aged 18-75 years (inclusive of 18 and 75 years old). * 3\. Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) confirmed by histopathological or cytological examination to be GPC3-positive (advanced HCC is defined as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C or stage B that is unsuitable for or has progressed after local treatment, including ablation therapy, interventional therapy, and radiotherapy). Patients must have previously received systemic standard treatment and experienced treatment failure or intolerance (systemic treatments include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy). Treatment failure is defined as disease progression during or after the most recent treatment. * 4\. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue samples must show GPC3 positivity (defined as \>25% of pathological specimens with IHC-detected GPC3-positive cells and staining intensity ≥1+). Preferably ,target lesion specimens will be used, including freshly obtained tumor pathology samples or archived tumor pathology samples deemed acceptable by the investigator. * 5\. Child-Pugh score ≤7. * 6\. At least one evaluable tumor lesion as assessed by RECIST 1.1. * 7\. ECOG performance status score of 0-2. * 8\. Expected survival ≥3 months. * 9\. Hematological parameters must meet the following criteria:Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1×10\^9/L;Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) ≥0.5×10\^9/L;Platelets ≥50×10\^9/L;Hemoglobin ≥60 g/L or hematocrit \>0.24.(No treatment with hematopoietic growth factors or blood transfusion within 3 days prior to laboratory tests). * 10.Blood biochemistry must meet the following criteria:Total bilirubin (TBIL) ≤2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN);AST and ALT ≤5.0 times ULN;Serum albumin ≥28 g/L;Serum creatinine ≤1.5 times ULN;Creatinine clearance \>50 mL/min (calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula). * 11.Coagulation parameters must meet the following criteria:INR \<1.5 times ULN;APTT \<1.5 times ULN;PT prolongation ≤4 seconds. * 12.If the patient is HBsAg positive or HBcAb positive, it is required that HBV-DNA ≤2000 IU/mL; * 13.At screening, during apheresis, and within 3 days prior to preconditioning, female study participants of childbearing potential must have a negative blood pregnancy test; during the study period and for at least 1 year after completion of the study treatment, study participants of childbearing potential and their partners must use effective contraception. Exclusion Criteria: * 1\. History of a second primary malignancy is permitted, unless the patient has undergone potentially curative treatment and has been free of the disease for 5 years. Note: This time requirement (i.e., within 5 years) does not apply to patients with adequately treated carcinoma in situ of the cervix, localized squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, basal cell carcinoma, localized prostate cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast, or urothelial carcinoma \<T1. Patients with prostate cancer under active surveillance are also eligible, or patients deemed eligible by the investigator after thorough evaluation. * 2\. Prior treatment with CAR-T or TCR-T cell therapy targeting any antigen or therapeutic cancer vaccines; or prior treatment with any therapy targeting GPC3. * 3\. Prior to apheresis, the patient has received the following antitumor therapies: Cytotoxic therapy within 14 days; Small molecule targeted therapy, epigenetic therapy, or experimental drug therapy within 14 days or at least 5 half-lives (whichever is longer), or treatment with invasive experimental medical devices; Monoclonal antibody therapy within 21 days; Immunomodulatory therapy within 7 days; Radiotherapy within 14 days. * 4\. Toxicities from prior antitumor therapies have not recovered to ≤ Grade 1 according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 5.0), except for alopecia, Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy, and hypothyroidism controlled by hormone replacement therapy. * 5\. History of organ transplantation or currently awaiting organ transplantation (including liver transplantation). * 6\. Brain metastases with central nervous system symptoms or other clinically significant central nervous system diseases. * 7\. History of hepatic encephalopathy or current presence of hepatic encephalopathy. * 8\. Ascites requiring therapeutic intervention (excluding any ascites detected by imaging that does not require clinical intervention). * 9\. HCC tumor volume occupying ≥50% of the normal liver volume based on imaging, or presence of tumor thrombus in the main portal vein or inferior vena cava, or patients deemed ineligible by the investigator. * 10.Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. * 11.Positive screening for hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV-Ab) or human immunodeficiency virus antibody (HIV-Ab); active syphilis. (Patients with positive HCV antibody but HCV-RNA below the detection limit of the research center are allowed to enroll). * 12.Presence of severe underlying diseases, such as: Evidence of severe active viral, bacterial, or uncontrolled systemic fungal infections; Active or unstable autoimmune diseases or a history of autoimmune diseases within the past 3 years with potential for recurrence (including, but not limited to: autoimmune hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, uveitis, enteritis, hepatitis, hypophysitis, vasculitis, nephritis, hyperthyroidism; patients with vitiligo; childhood asthma that has completely resolved and requires no intervention in adulthood may be included; asthma requiring medical intervention with bronchodilators is excluded); Uncontrolled diabetes; Severe congestive heart failure classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or above, or patients with an ejection fraction \<50%; history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina within 6 months prior to treatment; Hypertension that cannot be controlled to the following range (systolic blood pressure \<160 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure \<100 mmHg) despite treatment with two antihypertensive medications; Clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias, or a history of unexplained syncope not due to vasovagal causes or dehydration; patients with constrictive pericarditis, significant pericardial effusion, cardiomyopathy, low voltage on limb leads of electrocardiogram, or other cardiac conditions deemed unsuitable by the investigator; Patients with clinically significant dementia, altered mental status, or a history of poorly controlled psychiatric disorders. * 13.History of stroke or seizure within 6 months prior to signing the ICF. * 14.Significant bleeding tendency, such as active gastrointestinal bleeding or coagulation disorders. * 15.Chronic diseases requiring systemic corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapy, or treatment with systemic corticosteroids (≥70 mg prednisone or equivalent doses of other corticosteroids) or other immunosuppressive agents within 7 days prior to apheresis, except for the following: use of topical, ocular, intra-articular, intranasal, and inhaled corticosteroids; short-term use of corticosteroids for prophylactic purposes (e.g., prevention of contrast agent allergy). * 16.Administration of live attenuated vaccines within 4 weeks prior to apheresis. * 17.Major surgery within 2 weeks prior to apheresis, or planned surgery during the study period (Note: Study participants scheduled for local anesthesia surgery may participate in this study). * 18.History of severe allergic reactions, or hypersensitivity to any drugs or related excipients specified in the protocol, as determined by the investigator to be unsuitable for enrollment. * 19.Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, makes the study participant unsuitable for participation in this study.