Can less frequent bladder cancer checkups be just as safe?

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * VA patients with a history of high-grade non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (Inclusion of non-Veterans only allowed if they already receive clinical care at a VA medical center, e.g., via the CHAMPS program) * Local pathology report from recent biopsy or resection confirming high-grade non-invasive urothelial carcinoma (high-grade stage Ta), high-grade urothelial carcinoma with invasion into the subepithelial connective tissue (high-grade stage T1), or carcinoma in situ (stage CIS) Note: Participants do not have to have a new diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. Participants who had a resection of a recurrent urothelial carcinoma are eligible if they meet inclusion / exclusion criteria. * Bladder cancer treatment since recent biopsy or resection that is in line with VA National Oncology Bladder Cancer Clinical Pathway (e.g., underwent re-resection of T1 disease, administration of intravesical therapy if indicated, or documented reason why Pathway was not followed) * No evidence of bladder cancer recurrence at first surveillance cystoscopy after most recent resection or biopsy showing urothelial carcinoma (referred to by "3-month cystoscopy" in the protocol), defined as negative cystoscopy AND negative or atypical urine cytology Notes: * a re-resection TURBT performed per VA National Oncology Bladder Cancer Clinical Pathway or per local urology clinician judgement is not considered a surveillance cystoscopy. In that setting, the first cystoscopy following that re-resection TURBT will be the "3-month cystoscopy." * atypical cytology is not of concern in this population, as it frequently can be seen secondary to instrumentation, inflammation, or bacterial colonization. * Ability to consent in English or Spanish * Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures Exclusion Criteria: * History of urothelial carcinoma of the ureter or renal pelvis status post endoscopic treatment or with evidence of current upper tract disease (inclusion allowed if status post nephroureterectomy and recurrence free at time of inclusion) * History of urothelial carcinoma of the prostate or urethra * History of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder * History of pure squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder * Small cell carcinoma of the bladder * Sarcoma of the bladder * Urothelial carcinoma with predominantly (\>50%) variant histology * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 3 (capable of only limited selfcare; confined to bed or chair more than 50% of waking hours) or 4 (completely disabled; cannot carry out any selfcare; totally confined to bed or chair) * Unable to follow-up for planned minimum of 5 years (e.g., pending move away from their VA site, unless planned move is to another VATSIT study site) * Imaging concerning for metastatic urothelial carcinoma * Anatomic constraints that make standard cystoscopy impossible (e.g., history of urethrectomy, obliterated urethra secondary to stricture) * Known pregnancy at the time of study enrollment (routine pregnancy testing is not required) * Dual enrollment in an interventional drug or device study