Immunotherapy injected directly into fluid cavities shows promise for pancreatic cancer

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 18 years. Histologically or cytologically confirmed pancreatic cancer. Presence of malignant pleural or peritoneal effusion (≥4 cm) confirmed by pathology or cytology, requiring clinical intervention. At least one measurable lesion according to RECIST v1.1. ECOG performance status 0-3. Estimated life expectancy ≥ 2 months. Adequate organ function: Hemoglobin ≥ 80 g/L ANC ≥ 1.0 × 10⁹/L Platelets ≥ 50 × 10⁹/L TBIL \< 3 × ULN ALT/AST \< 5 × ULN Serum creatinine ≤ 1.25 × ULN or creatinine clearance \> 45 mL/min Chronic HBV infection must be controlled with antiviral therapy and HBV DNA \< 10,000 IU/mL. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test and agree to use effective contraception during the study and for at least 8 weeks after the last dose; men must agree to contraception or have undergone sterilization. Voluntarily signed informed consent with good compliance for follow-up. Exclusion Criteria: * Asymptomatic effusion not requiring intervention. Contraindication to paracentesis or drainage. Contraindications to immunotherapy (e.g., chronic steroid use, prior immune-related pneumonitis, hepatitis, or colitis). Active autoimmune disease requiring systemic therapy. Active HCV, HIV, syphilis, or tuberculosis infection; uncontrolled severe infection within 4 weeks prior to first dose. History of allogeneic organ transplantation or autologous stem cell transplantation. Severe pulmonary disease (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, pneumoconiosis). History of psychiatric illness or substance abuse affecting compliance. Participation in another interventional clinical trial within 4 weeks. Prior treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies via intrapleural or intraperitoneal route. Uncontrolled CNS metastases or intracranial hypertension. Active bleeding tendency, GI bleeding within 4 weeks, or ongoing anticoagulation/thrombolysis therapy. Other active malignancies (except cured basal cell carcinoma, cervical carcinoma in situ, or superficial bladder cancer). Pregnant or breastfeeding women. Any other condition judged by the investigator to affect participation or evaluation of the trial.