Al-hawash Private University

This study tests whether a natural miswak (chewing stick) or a manual toothbrush is better at removing dental plaque in people with fixed braces. Ninety participants aged 18 to 30 will have one side of their mouth cleaned with miswak and the other side with a toothbrush. Plaque l…

This study looks at how smoking cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or a water pipe (narghile) affects the gums and teeth of university students aged up to 25. Researchers will measure plaque, gum inflammation, pocket depth, and other signs of gum disease in 90 smokers. The goal is to see …