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Cash for clean breath: new program helps homeless veterans quit smoking

NCT ID NCT01789710

Symptom relief Sponsor: Duke University Source: ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

What the study statuses mean

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Recruitment status, easiest to join first

Recruiting now
This trial is taking on new participants right now.
Not yet recruiting
Registered, but not yet taking participants.
By invitation only
Not open to general applications. Only people the study team invites can take part.
Paused
Paused for now. It may or may not start again.
Ongoing
Running, but no longer taking on new participants.
Completed This study
The trial has finished. Results may not be published yet.
Stopped early
Stopped early, before it reached the end. That can be for many reasons, including safety.
Cancelled
Cancelled before anyone took part.

Expanded access (not trials)

Expanded access
Not a trial. This treatment can be requested outside a study, case by case, for people who qualify.
Expanded access (paused)
Not a trial. The treatment can normally be requested outside a study, but is unavailable right now.
Expanded access (ended)
Not a trial. The treatment could once be requested outside a study, but no longer can.
Approved
The treatment has been approved, so it is available normally rather than through this programme.

When the status isn't known

Details not published
The full record has not been published yet, so there is little to show here.
Status unknown
This status has not been confirmed recently, so it may be out of date.

First seen Jun 27, 2026 · Last updated Jun 27, 2026

Summary

This study tested whether offering payments for low carbon monoxide readings can help homeless smokers quit. Twenty-five homeless Veterans received nicotine replacement therapy, counseling, and a mobile phone to record their breath tests. The goal was to see if this reward-based approach is feasible and effective for reducing smoking.

This is an AI summary of the original study and may miss details. Read our disclaimer.

Study facts

What this study's own registry entry says, in plain language.

Phase

Not a phased trial

Phase numbers describe drug development. The registry uses this when they do not apply, as it does for trials of devices, procedures or behaviour changes, and for observational studies.

Participants

25 people

The number who actually took part.

Start date

Jan 2013

Finished

Sep 2014

Lead sponsor

Other sponsor

The registry's catch-all category, for sponsors it does not file as a company, a government agency, or a research network.

Who can take part

This study's own entry requirements. Only the study team can say for certain whether you qualify.

Ages

18 to 70 years

Sex

Anyone

Healthy volunteers

Accepted

You do not need to have the condition being studied to take part.

Show the full entry requirements

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * must be a Veteran who is eligible for care within the VA system; * must be currently homeless or have been homeless more than twice in the past year period; * must have current smoking status of at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least 1 year (verified with breath carbon monoxidemeasurement); * must be aged 18 to 70; * must be English speaker Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnancy; * Any substance use disorder in any of the following drug categories: opioids, cocaine, alcohol, sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, or drugs categorized as "other" per the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV. * Urine drug screen results positive for cocaine, amphetamines, stimulants, opioids, or hallucinogens; * Not stable on medications for the study period; * Use of any other forms of nicotine such as cigars, pipes, or chewing tobacco; * Participants may be excluded if they have a seizure disorder, uncontrolled diabetes or an eating disorder; * Prior history of hepatitis or cirrhosis; current hepatitis or cirrhosis * Score less than 80 on Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test

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Conditions

The condition(s) this trial relates to.

nicotine dependence Smoking

As listed by the trial registrant

The condition terms exactly as the trial's registrant entered them.

Homeless persons Smoking

Contacts and locations

Locations

  • VA Medical Center

    Durham, North Carolina, 27705, United States

More trials for these conditions

Other studies related to the condition(s) this trial covers.