New combo therapy shows promise for Tough-to-Treat head and neck cancer
NCT ID NCT04199104
First seen Jun 26, 2026 · Last updated Jun 27, 2026 · Updated 1 time
Summary
This phase 3 trial tested whether adding lenvatinib (Lenvima) to pembrolizumab (Keytruda) works better than pembrolizumab alone for people with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The study enrolled 511 participants whose tumors express PD-L1. Researchers measured tumor shrinkage, progression-free survival, and overall survival. The trial is completed, and results will show if the combination improves outcomes.
What this could mean
Our plain-language read of the trial. This is informational only, not medical advice or a prediction.
- Active substance
- pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and lenvatinib (Lenvima)
- What this could lead to
- If successful, this combination could offer a more effective first-line treatment option for people with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer, potentially shrinking tumors or delaying progression.
- What could go wrong
- This is a completed phase 3 trial, but results are not yet fully reported. The combination may not improve survival or response rates enough to outweigh added side effects from lenvatinib.
This is an AI summary of the original study and may miss details. Read our disclaimer.
Study facts
What this study's own registry entry says, in plain language.
- Phase
-
Phase 3
Large-scale testing in a bigger group. Usually the last step before a treatment can be approved.
- Participants
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511 people
The number who actually took part.
- Started
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Feb 2020
- Finished
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Mar 2025
- Lead sponsor
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A company
The lead sponsor is a pharmaceutical, biotech, or medical-device company.
Who can take part
This study's own entry requirements. Only the study team can say for certain whether you qualify.
- Ages
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18 years and older
- Sex
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Anyone
- Healthy volunteers
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Not accepted
This study is not open to healthy volunteers. The entry requirements below say who it is open to.
Show the full entry requirements Hide the full entry requirements
Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.
Inclusion Criteria: * Has histologically confirmed diagnosis of R/M HNSCC that is considered incurable by local therapies. Note: Participants with newly-diagnosed HNSCC must be M1/Stage IV. * Has a primary tumor location of oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx, or larynx. Note: Primary tumor site of nasopharynx (any histology) or unknown primary tumor (including p16+ unknown primary) are not eligible. Contraceptive use by men should be consistent with local regulations regarding the methods of contraception for those participating in clinical studies. If the contraception requirements in the local label for any of the study interventions is more stringent than the requirements above, the local label requirements are to be followed. * Male participants agree to use approved contraception during the treatment period for at least 7 days after the last dose of lenvatinib/placebo, or refrain from heterosexual intercourse during this period * Female participants are not pregnant or breastfeeding, and are not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP), OR are a WOCBP that agrees to use contraception during the treatment period (or 14 days prior to the initiation of study treatment for oral contraception) and for at least 120 days post pembrolizumab, or 30 days post lenvatinib/placebo, whichever occurs last * Has measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 as assessed by BICR. Note: Lesions situated in a previously irradiated area are considered measurable if progression has been shown in such lesions. * Participants with oropharyngeal cancer must have results from testing of human papillomavirus HPV status. * Has an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score of 0 to 1. * Have adequately controlled blood pressure with or without antihypertensive medications. * Has adequate organ function. Exclusion Criteria: * Has a history of any contraindication or has a severe hypersensitivity to any components of pembrolizumab (≥Grade 3) or lenvatinib. * Has pre-existing ≥Grade 3 gastrointestinal or non-gastrointestinal fistula. * Has a history of a gastrointestinal condition or procedure that, in the opinion of the investigator, may affect oral study drug absorption. * Has clinically significant cardiovascular impairment within 12 months of the first dose of study intervention, such as history of congestive heart failure greater than New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II, unstable angina, myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke, cardiac revascularization, or cardiac arrhythmia associated with hemodynamic instability. * Has disease that is suitable for local therapy administered with curative intent. * Had PD within 6 months of completion of curatively intended systemic treatment for locoregionally advanced HNSCC. * Has had major surgery within 3 weeks before to first dose of study interventions. * Has difficulty swallowing capsules or ingesting a suspension orally or by a feeding tube. * Has received prior therapy with lenvatinib or pembrolizumab. * Received last dose of systemic therapy for locoregionally advanced disease less than 6 months before signing consent. * Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti PD-L2 agent or with an agent directed to another stimulatory or co-inhibitory T-cell receptor (e.g., CTLA-4, OX-40, CD137). * Has received prior systemic anticancer therapy including investigational agents within 4 weeks before randomization. * Has received prior radiotherapy within 2 weeks of start of study intervention. * Has received a live vaccine within 30 days before the first dose of study intervention. Administration of killed vaccines is allowed. * Received an investigational agent or has used an investigational device within 4 weeks prior to study intervention-administration. * Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving chronic systemic steroid therapy (in dosing exceeding 10 mg daily of prednisone equivalent) or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior the first dose of study intervention. * Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or has required active treatment within the past 3 years. Note: Participants with basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, or carcinoma in situ (e.g., breast carcinoma, cervical cancer in situ) that have undergone potentially curative therapy are not excluded. * Has known active central nervous system (CNS) metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis. * Has an active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in past 2 years. Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid) is allowed. * Has a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis that required steroids or has current pneumonitis. * Has an active infection requiring systemic therapy. (e.g., tuberculosis, known viral or bacterial infections, etc.). * Has a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. * Has a known history of hepatitis B (defined as HBsAg reactive) or known active hepatitis C virus (defined as HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) \[qualitative\] is detected) infection. * Is pregnant or breastfeeding or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the study, starting with the screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of study intervention. * Has had an allogenic tissue/solid organ transplant. * Has a known psychiatric or substance abuse disorder that would interfere with the participant's ability to cooperate with the requirements of the study.
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Conditions
The condition(s) this trial relates to.
As listed by the trial registrant
The condition terms exactly as the trial's registrant entered them.
Contacts and locations
Locations
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A.C. Camargo Cancer Center ( Site 0407)
São Paulo, 01509-900, Brazil
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ASL Liguria 2 - Ospedale San Paolo ( Site 2401)
Savona, 17100, Italy
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ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo - Presidio Ospedaliero San Paolo ( Site 2405)
Milan, 20142, Italy
-
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary ( Site 2905)
Aberdeen, Aberdeen City, AB25 2ZN, United Kingdom
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Aichi Cancer Center Hospital ( Site 1113)
Nagoya, Aichi-ken, 4648681, Japan
-
Ajou University Hospital ( Site 1200)
Suwon, Kyonggi-do, 16499, South Korea
-
Altay Regional Oncology Dispensary ( Site 2611)
Barnaul, Altayskiy Kray, 656045, Russia
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Ankara Sehir Hastanesi ( Site 2802)
Ankara, 06800, Turkey (Türkiye)
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Asan Medical Center ( Site 1201)
Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
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Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia ( Site 2402)
Brescia, 25123, Italy
-
Beijing Cancer Hospital ( Site 3314)
Beining, Beijing Municipality, 100036, China
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Blue Ridge Cancer Care ( Site 0015)
Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, United States
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Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Megyei Központi Kórház és Egyetemi Okta-Klinikai Onkológiai és Sugárterápiás Ce
Miskolc, Borsod-Abauj Zemplen county, 3526, Hungary
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California Cancer Associates for Research & Excellence ( Site 0025)
Fresno, California, 93720, United States
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California Cancer Associates for Research & Excellence ( Site 0059)
San Marcos, California, 92069, United States
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Cancer Care Northwest ( Site 0017)
Spokane Valley, Washington, 99216, United States
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Centre Henri Becquerel ( Site 1904)
Rouen, Seine-Maritime, 76038, France
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Centre Leon Berard ( Site 1901)
Lyon, Auvergne, 69008, France
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Centre intégré de cancérologie du CHU de Québec Université Laval, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus ( Site 0
Québec, Quebec, G1J 1Z4, Canada
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Centro de Investigacion y Avances Medicos Especializados -CIAME ( Site 0604)
Cancún, Quintana Roo, 77500, Mexico
-
Centrum Onkologii im prof Franciszka Lukaszczyka ( Site 2508)
Bydgoszcz, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, 85-796, Poland
-
Chang Gung Medical Foundation. Kaohsiung Branch ( Site 1604)
Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan
-
Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin ( Site 2112)
Berlin, 12203, Germany
-
Chiba cancer center ( Site 1110)
Chiba, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
-
Chongqing Cancer Hospital ( Site 3327)
Chongqing, Chongqing Municipality, 400030, China
-
Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital ( Site 1202)
Hwasun-gun, Jeonranamdo, 58128, South Korea
-
Chris OBrien Lifehouse ( Site 1002)
Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
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Christie NHS Foundation Trust ( Site 2903)
Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
-
Christus Muguerza Clinica Vidriera ( Site 0607)
Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64570, Mexico
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Clinica LACKS ( Site 0402)
Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 96020-080, Brazil
-
Cryptex Investigación Clínica S.A. de C.V. ( Site 0608)
Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, Mexico City, 06100, Mexico
-
Dana Farber Cancer Institute ( Site 0019)
Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States
-
Debreceni Egyetem Klinikai Kozpont ( Site 2206)
Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
-
Dolnoslaskie Centrum Onkologii. ( Site 2507)
Wroclaw, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, 53-413, Poland
-
Duke Cancer Center ( Site 0044)
Durham, North Carolina, 27710, United States
-
ELO Pesquisa Clinica ( Site 0405)
Maringá, Paraná, 87015-200, Brazil
-
Ege Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Hastanesi ( Site 2804)
Izmir, 35040, Turkey (Türkiye)
-
FSCC FMBA of Russia ( Site 2603)
Moscow, Moscow, 115682, Russia
-
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano ( Site 2400)
Milan, 20133, Italy
-
Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center ( Site 3324)
Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, 200032, China
-
Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital ( Site 3326)
Fuzhou, Fujian, 350014, China
-
Fundacao Sao Francisco Xavier ( Site 0409)
Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, 35162-189, Brazil
-
Georgia Cancer Center at Augusta University ( Site 0013)
Augusta, Georgia, 30912, United States
-
Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital ( Site 3322)
Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China
-
Guizhou Cancer Hospital ( Site 3330)
Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, China
-
Gustave Roussy ( Site 1906)
Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, 94800, France
-
Guy's Hospital in London ( Site 2908)
London, London, City of, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
-
H.U. Vall de Hebron ( Site 2700)
Barcelona, 08035, Spain
-
Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi ( Site 2805)
Ankara, 06230, Turkey (Türkiye)
-
Henan Cancer Hospital ( Site 3309)
Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
-
Henry Ford Health System ( Site 0001)
Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
-
Hiroshima University Hospital ( Site 1109)
Hiroshima, 7348551, Japan
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Hopital Foch ( Site 1905)
Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine, 92151, France
-
Hopital de la Timone ( Site 1903)
Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhone, 13005, France
-
Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa ( Site 2703)
Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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Hospital Duran i Reynals ( Site 2701)
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
-
Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza ( Site 0703)
Lima, 15082, Peru
-
Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia ( Site 0704)
Lima, 15102, Peru
-
Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins ( Site 0702)
Lima, 15072, Peru
-
Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen ( Site 0700)
Lima, 15033, Peru
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Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição-Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Oncologia ( Site 0414)
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91350-200, Brazil
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Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez" ( Site 0602)
Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, Mexico
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Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre ( Site 2702)
Madrid, 28041, Spain
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Hospital Universitario La Paz ( Site 2706)
Madrid, 28046, Spain
-
Hospital de Passo Fundo ( Site 0401)
Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, 99010-260, Brazil
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Hospital de Valme ( Site 2705)
Seville, 41014, Spain
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Hunan Cancer Hospital ( Site 3311)
Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
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Hyogo Cancer Center ( Site 1112)
Akashi, Hyōgo, 673-8558, Japan
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IEO Istituto Europeo di Oncologia ( Site 2406)
Milan, 20141, Italy
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Inonu Universitesi Turgut Ozal Tip Merkezi ( Site 2803)
Malatya, 44280, Turkey (Türkiye)
-
Inova Schar Cancer Institute ( Site 0009)
Fairfax, Virginia, 22031, United States
-
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas ( Site 0701)
Lima, Muni Metro de Lima, Lima 34, Peru
-
Istituto Oncologico Veneto ( Site 2404)
Padova, 35128, Italy
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Jasz Nagykun Szolnok Megyei Hetenyi Geza Korhaz Rendelointezet ( Site 2200)
Szolnok, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, 5004, Hungary
-
Jiangxi Cancer Hospital ( Site 3313)
Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330029, China
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Jilin Cancer Hospital ( Site 3310)
Changchun, Jilin, 130000, China
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John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center ( Site 0002)
Hackensack, New Jersey, 07601, United States
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KRH Klinikum Siloah ( Site 2103)
Hanover, Lower Saxony, 30459, Germany
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Kagawa University Hospital ( Site 1108)
Kita-gun, Kagawa-ken, 761-0793, Japan
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Karmanos Cancer Institute ( Site 0054)
Detroit, Michigan, 48201, United States
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Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital ( Site 1203)
Daegu, Taegu-Kwangyokshi, 42601, South Korea
-
Kindai University Hospital ( Site 1107)
Sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
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MacKay Memorial Hospital ( Site 1602)
Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
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McGill University Health Centre ( Site 0206)
Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
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Medical Park Izmir Hospital ( Site 2807)
Izmir, 35575, Turkey (Türkiye)
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Medipol Universite Hastanesi ( Site 2800)
Istanbul, 34214, Turkey (Türkiye)
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Memorial Regional Hospital-Memorial Cancer Institute ( Site 0069)
Hollywood, Florida, 33021, United States
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Mount Vernon Cancer Centre ( Site 2902)
Northwood, London, City of, HA6 2RN, United Kingdom
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Nagoya University Hospital ( Site 1106)
Nagoya, Aichi-ken, 466-8560, Japan
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Narodowy Instytut Onkologii - Oddzial w Gliwicach ( Site 2506)
Gliwice, Silesian Voivodeship, 44-101, Poland
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Narodowy Instytut Onkologii im. Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie - P-Klinika Nowotworow Glowy i Szyi ( Site
Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship, 02-781, Poland
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National Cancer Center Hospital ( Site 1102)
Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
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National Cancer Center Hospital East ( Site 1100)
Kashiwa, Chiba, 2778577, Japan
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National Cheng Kung University Hospital ( Site 1603)
Dawan, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
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National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center ( Site 1111)
Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
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National Taiwan University Hospital ( Site 1600)
Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
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Northwest Georgia Oncology Centers PC ( Site 0028)
Marietta, Georgia, 30060, United States
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Nottingham City Hospital ( Site 2907)
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
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Oaxaca Site Management Organization S.C. ( Site 0603)
Oaxaca City, 68000, Mexico
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Oncocentro Ceara ( Site 0412)
Fortaleza, Ceará, 60135-237, Brazil
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Oncology Hematology West, PC dba Nebraska Cancer Specialists ( Site 0053)
Omaha, Nebraska, 68130, United States
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Orszagos Onkologiai Intezet ( Site 2202)
Budapest, 1122, Hungary
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Peking Union Medical College Hospital ( Site 3304)
Bejiing, Beijing Municipality, 100032, China
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Princess Margaret Cancer Centre ( Site 0200)
Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1Z5, Canada
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Providence Portland Medical Center ( Site 0048)
Portland, Oregon, 97213, United States
-
Przychodnia Lekarska Komed ( Site 2500)
Konin, Greater Poland Voivodeship, 62-500, Poland
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Republican Clinical Oncology Dispensary of Tatarstan MoH ( Site 2609)
Kazan', Tatarstan, Respublika, 420029, Russia
-
Royal Adelaide Hospital ( Site 1004)
Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
-
Royal Marsden Hospital ( Site 2904)
Sutton, London, City of, SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
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Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust ( Site 2910)
London, London, City of, SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
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SUNY Upstate Medical University ( Site 0051)
Syracuse, New York, 13210, United States
-
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital ( Site 1205)
Seongnam-si, Kyonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
-
Shanghai East Hospital ( Site 3300)
Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, 200120, China
-
Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute ( Site 1105)
Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
-
St George Hospital ( Site 1001)
Kogarah, New South Wales, 2217, Australia
-
St. Vincent Frontier Cancer Center ( Site 0008)
Billings, Montana, 59102, United States
-
Szegedi Egyetem Szent-Gyorgyi Albert Klinikai Kozpont ( Site 2207)
Szeged, Csongrád megye, 6720, Hungary
-
Szpital Kliniczny im. Heliodora Swiecickiego Uniwers Medyczn ( Site 2509)
Poznan, Greater Poland Voivodeship, 60-780, Poland
-
Szpital Morski im. PCK. Szpitale Pomorskie Sp. Z o.o ( Site 2504)
Gdynia, Pomeranian Voivodeship, 81-519, Poland
-
Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Ludwika Rydygiera w Krakowie ( Site 2502)
Krakow, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, 31-826, Poland
-
Taipei Veterans General Hospital ( Site 1601)
Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
-
Taunton and Somerset Hospital ( Site 2900)
Taunton, Somerset, TA1 5DA, United Kingdom
-
The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR ( Site 1103)
Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
-
The Catholic University of Korea Eunpyeong St Mary s Hospital ( Site 1204)
Seoul, 03312, South Korea
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The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi an Jiaotong University ( Site 3328)
Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710000, China
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The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University ( Site 3302)
Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
-
Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital ( Site 3312)
Tianjin, Tianjin Municipality, 300060, China
-
Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital ( Site 1101)
Tokyo, Japan
-
Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical,Science & Technology ( Site 3316)
Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
-
Trakya Universitesi Tip Fakultesi ( Site 2801)
Edirne, 22030, Turkey (Türkiye)
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Universitaetsklinikum Frankfurt ( Site 2107)
Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, 60590, Germany
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Universitaetsklinikum Koeln ( Site 2111)
Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, 50937, Germany
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Universitaetsklinikum Regensburg ( Site 2100)
Regensburg, Bavaria, 93053, Germany
-
Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen ( Site 2108)
Tübingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, 72076, Germany
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Universitaetsklinikum Ulm ( Site 2102)
Ulm, Baden-Wurttemberg, 89075, Germany
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University of Colorado Cancer Center ( Site 0023)
Aurora, Colorado, 80045, United States
-
University of Connecticut Health Center ( Site 0020)
Farmington, Connecticut, 06030, United States
-
University of Kansas Cancer Center ( Site 0033)
Westwood, Kansas, 66205, United States
-
University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center ( Site 0045)
Louisville, Kentucky, 40202, United States
-
University of Michigan ( Site 0064)
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-5936, United States
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University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill ( Site 0056)
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, United States
-
University of Wisconsin- Madison Carbone Cancer Center ( Site 0006)
Madison, Wisconsin, 53792, United States
-
Universitätsklinikum Leipzig-Department for ENT ( Site 2106)
Leipzig, Saxony, 04103, Germany
-
Uzsoki Utcai Korhaz ( Site 2201)
Budapest, Vas County, 1145, Hungary
-
Washington University School of Medicine ( Site 0060)
St Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
-
Weill Cornell Medicine New York Presbyterian Hospital ( Site 0040)
New York, New York, 10021, United States
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West China Hospital of Sichuan University ( Site 3308)
Chengdu, Sichuan, 610047, China
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Wuhan Union hospital Cancer Center ( Site 3307)
Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China
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Xiangya Hospital of Central South University ( Site 3305)
Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
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Yaroslavl Regional SBIH Clinical Oncology Hospital ( Site 2605)
Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast, 150054, Russia
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Yokohama City University Hospital ( Site 1104)
Yokohama, Kanagawa, 2360064, Japan
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Zhejiang Cancer Hospital ( Site 3303)
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
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