Can two drugs beat opioid relapse? new trial aims to find out

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Individuals between the ages of 18-65 (inclusive) interested in antagonist-based relapse prevention treatment * Meets current DSM-5 criteria for current opioid use disorder of at least six months duration supported by urine toxicology positive for opioids OR positive naloxone challenge (defined by 3-point increase in COWS) if seeking detoxification and XR-NTX induction OR confirmed recent detoxification treatment for opioids. * In otherwise good health based on complete medical history, physical examination, vital signs measurement, ECG, and laboratory tests (hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis) with no clinically significant abnormalities * Participants who completed detoxification and received XR-NTX are eligible for the study. Participants may be enrolled up to 2 weeks following an initial XR-NTX injection given in any outside research or community-based treatment setting (inpatient, outpatient residential). * Seeking treatment for opioid use disorder, willing to accept treatment with XR-NTX and, in the judgment of the treating physician, is a good candidate for naltrexone-based treatment. * Voluntarily seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. * Able to give written informed consent to participate in the study and showing a thorough understanding of the difference between agonist and antagonist-based treatment. Exclusion Criteria: * Methadone maintenance within 2 weeks of XR-NTX induction or any use of methadone in the week prior to XR-NTX induction * Maintenance on buprenorphine or frequent buprenorphine use in the week prior to XR-NTX induction (must be using no more than 8 mg of buprenorphine per day for no more than 3 days per week). If consenting after initial XR-NTX injection, any use of buprenorphine since XR-NTX induction is exclusionary. * Serious medical, psychiatric or substance use disorder that, in the opinion of the study physician, would make a detoxification and naltrexone initiation, or maintenance treatment with XR-NTX in combination with buprenorphine, hazardous (relative contraindications) or requires a different level of care. Examples include: 1. Disabling or terminal medical illness (e.g., uncompensated heart failure, severe acute hepatitis, cirrhosis or end-stage liver disease) as assessed by medical history and/or review of systems. 2. Severe, untreated or inadequately treated mental disorder (e.g., active psychosis, uncontrolled manic-depressive illness) as assessed by history and/or clinical interview. 3. Current severe alcohol, benzodiazepine, or other depressant or sedative hypnotic use likely to require a complicated medical detoxification (routine alcohol and sedative detoxifications may be included). 4. Suicidal or homicidal * AST/ALT \> 3x normal limit * Pregnancy, lactation, or a plan of becoming pregnant. Women need to have negative blood pregnancy test at screening and agree to practice dual contraceptives. * Physiological dependence on alcohol or sedative-hypnotics with impending withdrawal. Other substance use diagnoses are not exclusionary. * History of allergic or adverse reaction to buprenorphine, naltrexone, naloxone, clonidine, or clonazepam. * Painful medical condition that requires ongoing opioid analgesia or anticipated surgery necessitating opioid medications. * Individuals above 60 with possible early cognitive decline or other neurodegenerative conditions as evidenced by a score of less than 25 on a Mini Mental Status Exam screen. * Participants who had 30 or more opioid-free days prior to randomization will not be eligible. * Participants more than 2 weeks following an initial XR-NTX injection (given in any outside research or community-based treatment setting, for example inpatient, outpatient residential).