Breathing training may improve walking after stroke — a trial puts it to the test

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged between 55 and 65 years. * Both male and female participants. * Chronic stroke patients (\>6 months after stroke onset), including ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke confirmed by neuroimaging. * Moderate gait impairment with gait speed ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 m/s. * Ability to understand instructions and communicate sufficiently to participate in the study procedures. * Breathing spontaneously without ventilatory support. * No thoracic or abdominal surgery within the previous 6 months. * No facial palsy, or mild facial palsy without limitation of labial occlusion. * Ability to walk independently for at least 10 meters with or without an assistive device. * Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Unstable cardiovascular disease (e.g., recent myocardial infarction, uncontrolled hypertension, decompensated heart failure). * Uncontrolled metabolic disease or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. * Severe pulmonary disease or respiratory impairment (e.g., severe COPD, hypoxemia, chronic cough, or sputum retention). * Active malignancy. * Presence of nasal feeding tube, tracheostomy tube, or any condition preventing implementation of the study procedures. * Severe musculoskeletal disorders affecting gait performance (e.g., lower limb fracture, severe osteoarthritis, or amputation). * Significant cognitive or communication impairment preventing reliable participation. * Severe spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale \>3) or fixed contractures. * Other neurological disorders affecting gait (e.g., Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury). * Severe obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m²) that may interfere with gait assessment or exercise performance. * Previous participation in inspiratory muscle training programs.