New study to reveal balance differences in common back pain conditions

Copied word for word from the study's registry entry, so the wording is the study team's rather than ours.

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of chronic low back pain (≥3 months duration) (Ge et al., 2021). Referred from orthopedic surgeons with confirmed diagnosis of lumbar spondylosis, spondylolisthesis or lumber disc prolapse affecting L4-L5 or L5 S1( Hlaing et al., 2020) depending on imaging findings (MRI, CT or X-ray scan within the last 6 months): * Lumbar spondylosis; defined as degenerative disc disease, osteophyte formation with or without facet joint arthropathy (Natarajan et al., 2021; Christe et al., 2020). * Lumbar spondylolisthesis; defined as anterolisthesis of one vertebral body over another, graded via the Meyerding scale (grade 1 or 2) (Giordan et al., 2023; Chuang et al., 2018). * Lumbar disc prolapse; defined as protrusion, herniation of intervertebral disc (Kang et al., 2016; Hahne et al., 2019). * Age of patients ranges from 35 to 55 years (Albeshri, et.al., 2017) * Both genders will be included in the study * Pain intensity: ≥ 4/10 on a numerical pain rating scale (Thong et al., 2011). * BMI ranged from (18.5-29.9 kg/m²) (Karimi et al., 2008; Soliman et al., 2017). * Healthy subjects are healthy volunteers and without any Musculoskeletal disorders (Karimi et al., 2008). Exclusion Criteria: * The following patients will be excluded from the study patients with: * Prior lumbar spine surgery or neurological disorders (e.g., parkinson's, stroke) that may influence balance (soliman et al., 2017). * Fractures of the spine, pelvis or lower extremities, (Karimi et al., 2008). * Leg length discrepancy(Karimi et al., 2008). * Systemic disease such as arthritis, tuberculosis, liver or kidney failure. (Karimi et al., 2008). * Patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. * Patients exhibiting red flag symptoms such as urinary or fecal incontinence, saddle anesthesia, progressive motor deficits (e.g., foot drop), or other signs of serious neurological compromis (Ruhe et al., 2011). * Participants experiencing low back pain with pain radiating distaly below the level of knee (Hlaing et al., 2020).